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Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2015

RIVM Annual report

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Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

December 19, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2015 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. When hovering over the site codes in this report’s tables, the Dutch site name and location along with the responsible monitoring network will show up. For more information on the monitoring sites (including coordinates), monitoring instruments, and sampling practices, please consult the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, see the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2015, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

Most numbers in this report have been rounded to one decimal place and where deemed logical, to 0 or 2 decimal places. However, for testing against the limit values, the rounding practices of the limit values in the relevant EU Directives have been taken into account, of which most are a whole number. Key statistics rounded to more decimal places than in this report are available on the RIVM public data catalog for air quality measurements, as well as the underlying hourly and daily data.

For some pollutants, relevant statistics are also plotted on an interactive map to provide a quick overview of the concentration distribution throughout the Netherlands and compliance with limit values, and to view specific stations more easily. Every dot represents an individual station and clicking on it will bring up a pop-up with the site code and name, the responsible network, the site type, the component, and the relevant value for that component. Please note that the colors do not necessarily match the colors in the tables of the key statistics. Instead, where possible, the same color categories have been used as the European Environment Agency (EEA) applies in their maps for easier comparison with European data. Only stations with at least 85% of valid data have been included in the maps.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

Key statistics for NO2 in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL10107

 15.9 13.5 42.1 84.9 13.5 8627 98.5 0 46.3 72.1

NL10131

 16.2 12.9 46.1 84.8 12.9 8550 97.6 0 47.7 59.9

NL10133

 13.4 10.7 39.1 76.8 10.7 8455 96.5 0 44.7 51.5

NL10230

 20.1 15.6 62.2 201.8 15.6 8668 99.0 1 75.3 134.6

NL10235

 17.3 14.4 49.0 82.3 14.4 8585 98.0 0 49.8 64.2

NL10246

 18.4 14.6 54.1 97.2 14.6 8188 93.5 0 56.7 71.0

NL10301

 14.7 11.2 48.1 88.4 11.2 8728 99.6 0 51.0 68.5

NL10318

 15.3 11.8 47.4 101.0 11.8 8494 97.0 0 51.2 62.7

NL10437

 18.7 14.9 55.5 86.9 14.9 8511 97.2 0 58.0 70.3

NL10444

 14.9 10.7 51.9 95.2 10.7 8583 98.0 0 56.2 73.2

NL10538

 12.9 8.1 51.0 96.2 8.1 8731 99.7 0 60.0 69.8

NL10617

 13.4 10.9 40.8 88.4 10.9 4683 53.5 0 52.3 64.6

NL10631

 12.7 9.7 42.0 183.7 9.7 8410 96.0 0 57.4 109.6

NL10633

 15.1 11.7 49.1 83.0 11.7 8120 92.7 0 50.7 60.5

NL10644

 16.9 13.5 49.2 77.3 13.5 8367 95.5 0 48.9 62.4

NL10722

 12.7 10.4 37.4 57.4 10.4 8605 98.2 0 43.0 51.2

NL10738

 14.7 12.0 43.3 68.8 12.0 8599 98.2 0 46.5 62.0

NL10807

 11.3 9.2 36.7 61.4 9.2 8656 98.8 0 41.5 53.1

NL10818

 10.8 8.3 36.9 60.0 8.3 8511 97.2 0 40.8 49.1

NL10918

 9.7 6.8 38.0 68.9 6.8 8636 98.6 0 46.6 58.4

NL10929

 10.1 8.0 33.3 56.1 8.0 8327 95.1 0 40.1 48.4

NL10934

 8.5 6.1 31.8 54.8 6.1 8675 99.0 0 38.3 47.7

NL49703

 19.2 14.4 58.8 105.6 14.4 8662 98.9 0 67.2 78.0
Urban Background

NL01485

 26.7 23.0 67.6 142.9 23.0 8748 99.9 0 75.4 98.9

NL01488

 27.3 23.1 69.4 133.6 23.1 8741 99.8 0 70.8 83.4

NL01494

 32.6 29.0 77.5 157.8 29.0 8736 99.7 0 82.8 107.8

NL01495

 30.4 26.8 77.2 173.5 26.8 8724 99.6 0 81.9 102.7

NL10138

 17.0 13.8 48.5 75.4 13.8 8434 96.3 0 47.9 59.3

NL10241

 22.9 19.0 61.3 105.6 19.0 8531 97.4 0 64.1 79.0

NL10247

 18.7 15.3 52.2 81.4 15.3 8563 97.8 0 51.5 61.4

NL10404

 23.6 17.6 72.4 125.2 17.6 8351 95.3 0 72.4 93.8

NL10418

 31.5 27.9 73.2 144.5 27.9 8500 97.0 0 88.7 97.8

NL10442

 22.8 19.1 61.0 167.3 19.1 8689 99.2 0 64.4 96.6

NL10446

 28.1 22.9 79.2 140.7 22.9 8653 98.8 0 82.9 112.8

NL10549

 18.7 15.4 54.3 78.0 15.4 8650 98.7 0 56.4 63.3

NL10643

 23.0 19.3 61.8 92.1 19.3 8688 99.2 0 60.2 75.0

NL10742

 22.5 19.6 54.2 101.8 19.6 8395 95.8 0 58.6 81.5

NL10938

 11.3 8.7 37.6 65.9 8.7 8693 99.2 0 44.5 54.5

NL49003

 22.0 18.2 59.5 92.4 18.2 8618 98.4 0 57.9 72.0

NL49014

 24.5 21.1 61.2 90.3 21.1 8622 98.4 0 58.4 70.1

NL49019

 29.2 25.6 70.7 125.1 25.6 8726 99.6 0 66.9 87.6

NL49021

 21.2 17.2 57.6 94.3 17.2 8684 99.1 0 59.0 73.0

NL49022

 21.2 16.4 62.9 416.3 16.4 8707 99.4 1 65.3 79.9

NL49701

 21.7 16.1 64.5 120.5 16.1 8712 99.5 0 72.8 86.6
Roadside

NL01483

 46.7 43.5 102.5 164.6 43.5 8652 98.8 0 112.8 131.7

NL01487

 43.3 40.2 94.5 417.4 40.2 8578 97.9 8 99.5 196.5

NL01489

 38.6 35.8 91.7 177.3 35.8 8749 99.9 0 87.6 121.2

NL01491

 39.6 37.5 87.2 191.5 37.5 8557 97.7 0 87.8 126.9

NL01493

 43.8 40.2 93.7 213.8 40.2 8568 97.8 1 101.9 134.4

NL01908

 34.8 31.5 81.3 163.0 31.5 8722 99.6 0 92.9 123.7

NL10136

 28.1 25.4 69.9 137.9 25.4 8224 93.9 0 70.5 96.0

NL10236

 24.8 21.9 60.9 113.2 21.9 8668 99.0 0 63.9 82.3

NL10237

 31.3 28.1 75.3 146.6 28.1 8694 99.2 0 79.8 109.2

NL10240

 32.2 27.6 82.9 165.7 27.6 8520 97.3 0 85.3 116.7

NL10433

 32.9 30.3 73.6 122.3 30.3 8512 97.2 0 80.8 99.8

NL10445

 33.6 29.3 82.7 139.3 29.3 8673 99.0 0 84.6 109.9

NL10537

 30.7 25.4 72.5 109.7 25.4 467 5.3 0 73.2 87.1

NL10547

 24.1 20.9 62.0 105.0 20.9 8609 98.3 0 67.6 81.5

NL10550

 26.9 23.3 68.5 124.0 23.3 8422 96.1 0 69.9 81.9

NL10636

 27.8 24.5 68.7 119.6 24.5 8676 99.0 0 73.6 86.9

NL10639

 31.7 28.6 74.9 119.0 28.6 8597 98.1 0 73.0 95.5

NL10641

 33.5 30.1 83.1 125.2 30.1 8531 97.4 0 80.4 103.5

NL10741

 32.8 30.4 71.7 145.0 30.4 8620 98.4 0 75.1 101.6

NL10937

 26.8 24.4 62.9 146.2 24.4 8590 98.1 0 60.6 94.8

NL49002

 49.0 47.0 101.5 163.1 47.0 8714 99.5 0 103.5 129.4

NL49007

 45.7 42.9 100.8 159.4 42.9 8621 98.4 0 95.3 120.5

NL49012

 36.5 32.3 87.2 160.7 32.3 8616 98.4 0 86.8 122.2

NL49017

 37.2 34.2 79.2 131.4 34.2 8697 99.3 0 79.2 100.2

NL49020

 42.9 39.9 92.8 159.4 39.9 8644 98.7 0 95.1 119.0
Industrial

NL01486

 32.2 28.9 74.5 604.2 28.9 8734 99.7 2 96.6 184.3

NL01496

 28.2 24.9 80.8 235.5 24.9 8745 99.8 1 98.7 141.1

NL49704

 24.5 19.0 70.1 110.4 19.0 8724 99.6 0 77.0 90.5
* Hovering over the station code will show the site name, location and responsible monitoring network
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 14.5 22
Urban Background 23.7 21
Roadside 35.2 24
Industrial 28.3 3
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2015 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Key statistics for PM10 in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_50_d2
Rural Background

NL10131

 19.5 16.1 56.0 76.6 16.1 342 93.7 11

NL10133

 17.2 14.6 44.6 137.7 14.6 361 98.9 5

NL10230

 20.0 17.3 55.2 76.1 17.3 363 99.5 10

NL10235

 18.0 15.5 44.5 77.0 15.5 363 99.5 6

NL10243

 18.3 15.3 54.6 71.6 15.3 359 98.4 8

NL10244

 18.0 15.4 51.1 72.0 15.4 361 98.9 9

NL10246

 18.1 15.4 51.2 80.2 15.4 352 96.4 8

NL10318

 20.7 17.2 54.9 84.9 17.2 351 96.2 14

NL10437

 17.7 15.2 45.3 77.3 15.2 360 98.6 6

NL10444

 16.7 14.5 40.8 70.7 14.5 365 100.0 5

NL10538

 15.5 13.6 43.3 71.5 13.6 350 95.9 4

NL10617

 14.6 12.6 31.6 48.3 12.6 192 52.6 0

NL10631

 17.9 14.6 56.8 66.0 14.6 363 99.5 10

NL10633

 18.7 15.4 52.6 84.2 15.4 353 96.7 9

NL10644

 16.9 14.2 45.3 70.6 14.2 365 100.0 5

NL10722

 17.7 15.0 51.6 73.8 15.0 361 98.9 9

NL10738

 18.0 15.1 52.2 77.9 15.1 361 98.9 11

NL10807

 15.7 12.9 50.8 71.2 12.9 359 98.4 8

NL10818

 16.6 13.5 52.3 77.3 13.5 361 98.9 8

NL10918

 19.1 15.3 58.1 79.5 15.3 358 98.1 11

NL10929

 14.8 11.9 46.7 64.0 11.9 353 96.7 6

NL10934

 15.3 13.0 45.2 70.1 13.0 361 98.9 3

NL49703

 17.3 14.6 46.8 87.6 14.6 357 97.8 6
Urban Background

NL01485

 19.2 17.1 49.0 78.5 17.1 345 94.5 6

NL01488

 19.6 17.4 52.8 81.2 17.4 345 94.5 8

NL01494

 19.9 17.8 51.5 81.1 17.9 350 95.9 9

NL01495

 18.5 16.8 48.7 71.7 16.8 353 96.7 7

NL10138

 17.5 14.8 51.9 143.2 14.8 365 100.0 9

NL10241

 20.3 17.1 57.2 81.7 17.2 364 99.7 13

NL10247

 18.8 15.8 52.1 75.4 15.8 365 100.0 9

NL10404

 20.1 17.1 49.3 103.5 17.1 351 96.2 5

NL10418

 20.5 18.2 50.0 93.1 18.2 357 97.8 7

NL10442

 18.3 16.2 47.7 80.4 16.2 365 100.0 7

NL10446

 19.7 17.3 47.7 100.2 17.3 361 98.9 5

NL10549

 17.4 15.4 46.6 68.4 15.4 361 98.9 6

NL49014

 17.3 14.6 47.7 80.4 14.6 354 97.0 7

NL49016

 17.0 14.7 44.6 80.5 14.7 355 97.3 5

NL49701

 19.5 17.1 51.4 86.5 17.1 361 98.9 8
Roadside

NL01483

 31.5 28.0 68.8 89.2 28.0 330 90.4 32

NL01487

 22.7 20.6 55.1 87.2 20.6 346 94.8 10

NL01489

 18.9 16.6 52.8 83.4 16.6 354 97.0 8

NL01491

 22.3 20.2 54.6 86.8 20.2 351 96.2 11

NL01493

 21.7 19.4 54.7 87.0 19.4 350 95.9 12

NL01908

 23.1 20.0 66.5 92.2 20.0 355 97.3 13

NL10136

 21.3 17.6 55.1 148.2 17.6 349 95.6 10

NL10236

 17.9 15.5 48.1 115.6 15.5 364 99.7 7

NL10237

 21.7 18.8 55.1 80.6 18.8 364 99.7 9

NL10240

 20.8 18.2 60.9 73.3 18.2 362 99.2 9

NL10433

 21.5 19.1 51.3 91.4 19.1 331 90.7 8

NL10445

 23.4 20.1 54.2 99.7 20.2 360 98.6 12

NL10447

 26.5 23.1 63.8 88.0 23.3 340 93.2 21

NL10537

 26.9 25.6 88.9 88.9 25.6 19 5.2 1

NL10545

 21.4 18.8 54.7 93.1 18.8 363 99.5 11

NL10547

 18.8 15.9 48.9 77.9 15.9 360 98.6 6

NL10550

 21.1 18.7 47.6 92.9 18.7 352 96.4 6

NL10636

 20.2 16.8 56.6 92.9 16.8 362 99.2 13

NL10639

 19.5 16.5 51.6 111.9 16.5 357 97.8 9

NL10641

 17.3 14.5 48.6 81.7 14.5 352 96.4 5

NL10741

 23.2 19.6 62.4 104.5 19.6 360 98.6 14

NL10937

 22.7 19.1 61.0 95.3 19.1 357 97.8 15

NL49007

 21.5 18.8 52.6 86.1 18.8 357 97.8 9

NL49012

 22.7 19.8 58.1 88.6 19.8 362 99.2 10

NL49017

 21.1 18.8 52.8 81.9 18.8 356 97.5 9

NL49020

 20.1 17.6 54.1 88.8 17.7 356 97.5 10
Industrial

NL01482

 24.0 21.4 58.9 82.1 21.4 354 97.0 11

NL01486

 19.0 17.0 48.9 79.9 17.0 346 94.8 7

NL01496

 21.0 19.2 48.7 76.7 19.2 359 98.4 6

NL49704

 17.4 14.3 51.4 89.0 14.3 355 97.3 8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 17.6 22
Urban Background 18.9 15
Roadside 21.7 25
Industrial 20.4 4
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL10131

 12.3 8.4 42.9 50.9 8.4 169 46.3

NL10230

 12.3 9.7 41.0 57.8 9.7 361 98.9

NL10444

 9.5 7.1 35.8 63.9 7.1 353 96.7

NL10538

 8.9 6.4 39.9 61.7 6.4 360 98.6

NL10644

 11.3 7.8 37.7 59.6 7.8 239 65.5

NL10738

 11.6 8.1 45.5 51.1 8.1 189 51.8

NL10934

 10.8 6.1 39.3 57.8 6.1 131 35.9

NL49703

 12.1 9.0 40.9 76.7 9.0 360 98.6
Urban Background

NL01485

 12.5 9.4 41.9 64.6 9.5 354 97.0

NL01488

 12.2 9.0 45.0 73.9 9.0 345 94.5

NL01494

 12.8 9.4 45.7 75.9 9.4 336 92.1

NL01495

 12.2 9.2 41.5 63.9 9.3 356 97.5

NL10138

 14.2 11.5 51.7 102.3 11.6 120 32.9

NL10241

 12.3 9.2 44.9 62.4 9.3 362 99.2

NL10247

 10.6 7.8 40.2 55.9 7.8 297 81.4

NL10404

 12.7 12.2 24.7 24.7 12.2 25 6.8

NL10418

 10.7 10.3 19.1 23.3 10.4 26 7.1

NL10643

 14.3 10.5 46.9 65.7 10.5 297 81.4

NL10742

 12.1 9.3 43.0 69.5 9.3 354 97.0

NL10821

 12.5 9.0 46.8 78.6 9.0 266 72.9

NL10938

 11.6 7.9 40.7 71.8 7.9 286 78.4

NL49014

 12.4 9.2 47.0 77.2 9.2 358 98.1

NL49016

 11.4 8.6 38.5 73.9 8.6 347 95.1

NL49701

 12.7 9.4 43.6 79.0 9.4 359 98.4
Roadside

NL01483

 17.7 14.8 49.4 71.3 14.8 344 94.2

NL01487

 13.3 10.2 47.6 79.2 10.2 336 92.1

NL01489

 12.9 9.4 44.1 72.9 9.4 354 97.0

NL01491

 13.1 10.0 45.4 74.5 10.0 351 96.2

NL10136

 17.0 12.9 54.1 104.5 13.4 118 32.3

NL10240

 14.1 10.5 49.8 62.6 10.5 243 66.6

NL10433

 11.5 6.8 45.9 64.9 6.8 170 46.6

NL10448

 11.7 8.6 44.7 73.8 8.6 361 98.9

NL10547

 12.0 8.8 40.9 66.7 8.9 298 81.6

NL10636

 12.8 8.7 47.0 70.2 8.7 241 66.0

NL10641

 12.4 8.6 44.6 68.9 8.6 183 50.1

NL10741

 13.4 9.6 50.5 78.0 9.6 239 65.5

NL10937

 11.3 7.3 43.2 60.6 7.3 297 81.4

NL49007

 14.4 11.1 52.0 83.8 11.1 323 88.5

NL49012

 15.5 12.1 49.6 82.8 12.2 360 98.6

NL49017

 13.6 10.5 44.7 74.3 10.5 357 97.8
Industrial

NL01482

 12.8 9.8 40.2 70.7 9.8 351 96.2

NL01496

 12.0 9.5 40.6 71.4 9.5 353 96.7

NL49704

 12.5 9.7 43.0 81.1 9.7 346 94.8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 10.7 4
Urban Background 12.3 9
Roadside 14.0 7
Industrial 12.4 3
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2015 (in μg/m3)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2015 is 13.2 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Key statistics for SO2 in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background

NL10133

 1.0 0.8 5.4 22.6 0.8 8739 99.8 0 6.1 11.9 0 0.7

NL10318

 1.0 0.6 5.2 38.0 0.6 8743 99.8 0 6.0 12.4 0 1.0

NL10444

 1.1 0.8 5.4 95.1 0.8 8738 99.7 0 11.0 19.2 0 1.2

NL10644

 0.8 0.5 5.1 23.7 0.5 8685 99.1 0 4.9 10.1 0 0.6

NL10722

 0.9 0.7 5.5 20.8 0.7 8441 96.4 0 6.3 12.3 0 1.5

NL10934

 0.4 0.3 2.9 7.9 0.3 8667 98.9 0 4.1 5.5 0 0.4
Urban Background

NL01485

 4.2 2.2 26.1 122.4 2.2 8737 99.7 0 26.7 49.8 0 4.7

NL01494

 4.4 3.1 18.6 126.4 3.1 8572 97.9 0 49.2 46.0 0 5.0

NL01495

 3.9 2.9 16.9 154.9 2.9 8659 98.8 0 49.2 109.7 0 3.4

NL49016

 1.1 0.7 5.6 21.8 0.7 8480 96.8 0 13.9 10.1 0 1.0
Industrial

NL01484

 10.7 7.1 41.5 707.3 7.1 8699 99.3 7 208.2 522.5 1 13.3

NL01486

 6.1 4.9 22.7 142.4 4.9 8613 98.3 0 69.3 91.2 0 4.2

NL01496

 6.4 5.2 21.5 138.6 5.2 8568 97.8 0 47.1 88.1 0 6.7

NL49704

 1.7 1.2 6.5 19.7 1.2 8498 97.0 0 10.8 11.0 0 1.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2015 to 31 March 2016)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 7: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 0.9 6
Urban Background 3.4 4
Industrial 6.2 4
Table 8: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2015 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. See Table 11 for the number of exceedance days in 2013, 2014 and 2015 and their 3-year averages.

In addition, the number of days on which at least one exceedance of the information or alert threshold value is observed, is shown in the columns exc_info and exc_alert in the table below. The information threshold for ozone is 180 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations and the alert threshold for ozone is 240 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2015 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2015
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 exc_info2 exc_alert3 aot404 somo355
Rural Background

NL10107

 46.4 45.9 118.8 242.2 45.9 8652 98.8 147.5 208.9 16 4 1 12847.7 3494.6

NL10131

 46.1 45.5 118.9 226.9 45.5 8482 96.8 147.7 197.2 13 2 0 12723.7 3483.4

NL10230

 44.2 43.8 115.7 221.0 43.8 8555 97.7 148.9 189.3 16 3 0 9742.9 2872.1

NL10235

 42.7 42.5 104.6 191.7 42.5 8623 98.4 124.5 181.2 12 1 0 7346.7 2355.5

NL10301

 49.8 52.2 98.3 231.1 52.2 8638 98.6 131.8 194.7 7 1 0 5574.4 2185.1

NL10318

 47.8 48.4 102.0 190.6 48.4 8566 97.8 130.3 179.3 10 1 0 5908.4 2298.8

NL10437

 45.0 45.9 98.4 199.9 45.9 8524 97.3 155.9 184.2 8 0 0 4672.2 1974.9

NL10444

 53.0 57.8 104.4 222.4 57.8 8569 97.8 136.1 197.9 8 1 0 7466.8 3124.3

NL10538

 50.6 54.1 97.0 207.5 54.1 8536 97.4 124.2 157.5 7 2 0 4925.2 1799.2

NL10617

 48.3 47.9 119.9 243.9 47.9 4883 55.7 140.0 191.6 9 3 1 6499.1 3379.6

NL10631

 47.8 48.3 104.0 233.4 48.3 8457 96.5 128.4 177.9 8 2 0 7164.9 2299.7

NL10633

 46.8 47.3 107.3 213.3 47.3 8420 96.1 135.4 190.3 10 2 0 9301.2 2781.1

NL10644

 44.3 44.4 104.7 213.0 44.4 8525 97.3 138.3 194.0 12 2 0 7777.8 2504.0

NL10722

 42.6 40.6 109.4 223.5 40.6 8509 97.1 127.5 189.0 11 2 0 8483.1 2516.5

NL10738

 47.8 48.0 114.9 242.0 48.0 8566 97.8 142.2 196.7 16 5 1 11298.8 3446.6

NL10807

 43.9 43.4 99.8 198.3 43.4 8642 98.7 113.8 168.8 7 2 0 5996.1 1832.6

NL10818

 49.9 51.2 101.4 232.9 51.2 8380 95.7 153.0 184.3 6 1 0 6332.1 2502.3

NL10918

 54.7 57.2 102.4 212.5 57.2 8552 97.6 121.0 170.7 9 2 0 7876.8 2883.2

NL10929

 49.7 49.9 106.2 206.2 49.9 8392 95.8 163.6 183.5 9 2 0 7188.7 2766.7

NL10934

 52.1 53.9 98.0 198.3 53.9 8573 97.9 129.4 170.6 6 1 0 4821.6 2194.4
Suburban Background

NL10133

 44.7 44.2 114.8 234.8 44.2 8614 98.3 142.2 204.0 13 4 0 11611.4 3092.5

NL10247

 44.8 43.7 119.3 207.5 43.7 8625 98.5 150.7 188.3 15 3 0 11750.0 3337.7

NL10938

 48.8 50.8 96.7 207.2 50.8 8594 98.1 127.3 174.6 8 2 0 4810.2 1808.3
Urban Background

NL01485

 42.0 42.4 98.6 201.1 42.4 8730 99.7 129.1 182.8 7 1 0 5368.0 1926.5

NL01494

 40.5 40.1 98.5 245.6 40.1 8719 99.5 124.1 181.3 9 2 1 5492.0 2048.5

NL01495

 38.7 38.4 89.4 210.1 38.4 8546 97.6 120.4 192.6 5 1 0 3343.1 1316.0

NL10138

 48.1 48.1 123.8 242.7 48.1 8518 97.2 159.3 210.5 19 4 1 13515.9 3745.5

NL10241

 44.2 43.5 109.7 208.3 43.5 8610 98.3 139.4 192.3 14 1 0 8334.0 2805.1

NL10404

 49.5 53.5 102.7 216.5 53.5 8288 94.6 196.0 196.0 9 0 0 5929.1 2564.3

NL10418

 42.3 41.9 102.8 209.0 41.9 8234 94.0 132.0 191.1 10 1 0 6299.8 2349.5

NL10442

 44.8 44.9 107.0 207.9 44.9 8639 98.6 141.0 194.9 13 1 0 8119.9 2728.6

NL10446

 44.0 46.0 98.7 190.2 46.0 8610 98.3 190.2 139.7 7 0 0 5114.2 1989.5

NL10643

 43.6 44.0 104.3 193.7 44.0 8617 98.4 133.5 177.3 14 3 0 6852.4 2329.5

NL10742

 43.9 42.7 113.7 222.7 42.7 8325 95.0 143.8 188.6 13 4 0 9428.0 2856.7

NL49003

 44.2 46.3 95.0 196.1 46.3 8635 98.6 168.4 177.3 6 1 0 4630.6 1699.7

NL49014

 45.2 46.4 101.7 196.3 46.4 8541 97.5 134.7 181.2 8 1 0 5597.8 2152.4
Roadside

NL01489

 32.0 28.7 91.3 195.3 28.7 8711 99.4 116.2 178.6 8 1 0 3966.9 1422.3

NL01493

 34.9 34.3 89.4 182.7 34.4 8712 99.5 114.6 160.2 5 1 0 2798.5 1087.6

NL10236

 42.3 41.4 110.4 195.9 41.4 8654 98.8 143.4 176.4 14 2 0 7422.1 2329.0

NL10433

 37.8 37.1 94.3 206.4 37.1 8442 96.4 120.1 188.0 10 1 0 4316.9 1580.6

NL10537

 41.0 47.7 70.8 76.6 47.7 463 5.3 67.9 70.6 0 0 0 0.0 18.7

NL10550

 42.9 46.4 90.4 180.0 46.4 8323 95.0 117.5 161.7 4 0 0 3234.1 1418.7

NL10639

 40.2 39.5 100.3 188.8 39.6 8642 98.7 121.4 160.6 10 2 0 5924.6 2161.0

NL10641

 37.7 36.6 92.5 187.8 36.6 8535 97.4 124.5 174.5 4 1 0 4135.5 1396.7

NL49012

 40.6 41.8 93.4 173.9 41.8 8713 99.5 108.9 136.3 6 0 0 3887.3 1484.3
Industrial

NL01496

 46.0 47.5 97.9 243.6 47.5 8731 99.7 106.8 152.2 8 2 1 4771.9 2139.2
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for information of the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 180 µg/m³ (information threshold))
3 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for alerting the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 240 µg/m³ (alert threshold))
4 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
5 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
Table 9: Key concentration values for ozone in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 47.7 19
Suburban Background 46.1 3
Urban Background 43.9 13
Roadside 38.6 8
Industrial 46.0 1
Table 10: Summary table for ozone in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Number of exceedance days for O3
2013 2014 2015 average_3y1
Rural Background

NL10107

 11 7 16 11

NL10131

 9 6 13 9

NL10230

 9 3 16 9

NL10235

 5 4 12 7

NL10301

 3 2 7 4

NL10318

 3 2 10 5

NL10437

 2 3 8 4

NL10444

 5 7 8 7

NL10538

 1 2 7 3

NL10631

 4 3 8 5

NL10633

 4 3 10 6

NL10644

 6 4 12 7

NL10722

 10 7 11 9

NL10738

 10 5 16 10

NL10807

 10 7 7 8

NL10818

 4 6 6 5

NL10918

 4 5 9 6

NL10929

 2 7 9 6

NL10934

 1 6 6 4
Suburban Background

NL10133

 8 3 13 8

NL10247

 10 9 15 11

NL10938

 3 8 8 6
Urban Background

NL01485

 1 4 7 4

NL01494

 3 2 9 5

NL01495

 0 3 5 3

NL10137

 13 - - 13

NL10241

 8 7 14 10

NL10404

 1 3 9 4

NL10418

 4 0 10 5

NL10442

 6 6 13 8

NL10446

 4 3 7 5

NL10643

 9 5 14 9

NL10742

 9 7 13 10

NL49003

 2 3 6 4

NL49014

 3 5 8 5

NL10138

 - 10 19 14
Roadside

NL01489

 3 2 8 4

NL01493

 1 1 5 2

NL10236

 3 2 14 6

NL10433

 2 2 10 5

NL10537

 0 2 - 1

NL10639

 4 2 10 5

NL10641

 2 2 4 3

NL49012

 2 2 6 3

NL10550

 - - 4 4
Industrial

NL01496

 2 2 8 4
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 11: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2013, 2014 and 2015

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Key statistics for CO in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Rural Background

NL10633

 222.4 203.2 466.3 830.5 203.2 8373 95.6 608.9 643.0 0

NL10644

 176.1 159.9 382.3 658.8 159.9 8672 99.0 497.4 555.7 0
Urban Background

NL01488

 353.4 321.0 730.0 2068.0 321.0 7634 87.1 893.1 1298.4 0

NL49014

 255.5 233.7 590.4 2042.6 233.8 7898 90.2 808.0 985.4 0
Roadside

NL01487

 467.7 423.0 1067.0 4080.0 423.0 8585 98.0 1206.2 1761.1 0

NL01491

 320.8 303.0 702.0 1919.0 303.0 8707 99.4 853.0 1165.2 0

NL10741

 343.8 307.7 793.5 1801.9 307.7 8580 97.9 956.4 1448.0 0

NL49007

 318.3 276.8 770.7 2012.6 276.8 8633 98.6 1040.3 1275.2 0

NL49012

 333.5 289.4 790.1 1702.0 289.4 8695 99.3 877.6 1063.0 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 12: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 199.3 2
Urban Background 255.5 1
Roadside 356.8 5
Table 13: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2015 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2015
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL10131

 0.7 0.5 2.6 4.6 0.5 5491 62.7 3.2 4.0

NL10444

 0.6 0.4 2.7 6.3 0.4 5446 62.2 4.2 5.0

NL10633

 0.7 0.5 2.6 5.0 0.5 5454 62.3 3.8 4.6

NL10807

 0.7 0.5 2.3 4.2 0.5 5940 67.8 3.1 3.8

NL10929

 0.6 0.4 2.1 4.9 0.4 5413 61.8 3.2 4.1
Urban Background

NL01488

 1.0 0.8 3.6 10.5 0.8 8749 99.9 8.2 6.4

NL01494

 1.1 0.8 4.2 11.8 0.8 8744 99.8 6.3 9.0

NL10138

 0.8 0.6 3.4 14.7 0.6 6387 72.9 4.1 6.4

NL10247

 1.0 0.7 3.6 8.0 0.7 5238 59.8 4.5 6.5

NL10742

 0.9 0.7 2.9 7.5 0.7 5832 66.6 4.1 5.4

NL10821

 0.7 0.5 2.8 7.7 0.5 5398 61.6 3.2 4.6

NL10938

 0.6 0.4 2.1 8.0 0.4 5779 66.0 3.1 4.2

NL49003

 0.8 0.6 3.1 11.5 0.6 8580 97.9 5.0 5.3

NL49014

 0.9 0.7 2.9 7.1 0.7 8577 97.9 4.6 4.8

NL49701

 1.1 1.0 2.6 4.3 1.1 202 2.3 2.1 2.6
Roadside

NL01487

 2.3 1.9 6.8 35.4 1.9 8539 97.5 8.4 12.9

NL01491

 1.6 1.3 4.9 11.8 1.3 8732 99.7 5.5 7.3

NL01492

 1.4 1.2 4.4 11.5 1.2 8670 99.0 6.5 9.0

NL10237

 1.5 1.3 4.5 11.8 1.3 5847 66.7 6.0 8.9

NL10641

 1.5 1.3 4.0 6.9 1.3 6088 69.5 4.3 5.0

NL10741

 1.9 1.6 5.9 12.1 1.6 5163 58.9 7.0 9.3

NL49007

 2.2 1.6 7.5 12.7 1.6 8702 99.3 7.8 9.2

NL49012

 1.6 1.2 5.1 10.8 1.2 8655 98.8 7.1 7.1

NL49017

 1.7 1.4 4.6 11.7 1.4 8597 98.1 8.0 10.7

NL49020

 2.1 1.7 6.4 12.6 1.7 8743 99.8 7.6 11.0
Industrial

NL01483

 2.1 1.8 6.5 13.0 1.8 8498 97.0 7.1 9.4

NL01496

 0.9 0.7 3.2 7.8 0.7 8498 97.0 4.4 5.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 14: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Urban Background 1.0 4
Roadside 1.8 7
Industrial 1.5 2
Table 15: Summary table for black carbon in 2015 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

Key statistics for benzene in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 0.5 0.4 2.2 3.7 0.4 356 97.5
Urban Background

NL01485

 0.6 0.5 2.1 3.1 0.5 325 89.0

NL01494

 1.0 0.9 2.1 4.1 0.9 341 93.4

NL01495

 1.3 1.1 4.0 5.7 1.1 349 95.6
Roadside

NL01483

 1.2 0.9 4.3 6.9 0.9 151 41.4

NL49017

 0.8 0.7 1.8 2.4 0.7 344 94.2
Industrial

NL01484

 1.8 1.2 7.2 13.1 1.2 357 97.8

NL01496

 0.8 0.6 2.7 4.0 0.6 324 88.8

NL49704

 0.9 0.8 2.7 4.2 0.8 347 95.1
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 16: Key concentration values for benzene in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 0.5 1
Urban Background 1.2 2
Roadside 0.8 1
Industrial 1.4 2
Table 17: Summary table for benzene in 2015 (in μg/m3)

For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for toluene in 2015
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 0.8 0.4 4.0 7.9 0.4 356 97.5
Urban Background

NL01485

 1.4 1.1 4.2 5.6 1.1 325 89.0

NL01494

 1.7 1.4 4.1 10.1 1.4 341 93.4

NL01495

 1.6 1.3 5.9 8.5 1.3 343 94.0
Roadside

NL01483

 1.8 1.5 5.7 6.8 1.5 155 42.5

NL49017

 4.7 4.4 8.9 15.8 4.4 339 92.9
Industrial

NL01484

 1.7 1.3 6.9 16.1 1.3 356 97.5

NL01496

 0.7 0.4 3.3 4.8 0.4 323 88.5

NL49704

 2.2 1.6 8.5 11.0 1.6 347 95.1
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 18: Key concentration values for toluene in 2015 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2015
type mean n
Rural Background 0.8 1
Urban Background 1.7 2
Roadside 4.7 1
Industrial 2.0 2
Table 19: Summary table for toluene in 2015 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling.

Key statistics for Pb in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 4.9 4 15.9 28.4 4.1 168 46.0 PM10

NL10644

 5.0 4 12.1 19.3 4.0 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 20: Key concentration values for lead in 2015 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.4 0.3 1.5 1.9 0.3 168 46.0 PM10

NL10644

 0.4 0.3 1.0 1.7 0.3 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2015 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 168 46.0 PM10

NL10644

 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.1 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2015 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.7 0.6 2.4 4.3 0.6 168 46.0 PM10

NL10644

 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.9 0.4 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for nickel in 2015 (in ng/m3)

The annual means in the table below are based on solely PM10 filter sampling to conform with EU standards.

Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2015
component mean n
As 0.4 1
Cd 0.1 1
Ni 0.7 1
Pb 4.9 1
Table 24: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel on PM10 filters in 2015 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2015 are given in the following table.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2015
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL10444

 0.04 0.02 0.26 0.26 0.02 181 49.6
Urban Background

NL10418

 0.07 0.04 0.26 0.30 0.04 177 48.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 25: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2015 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L520, L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L520, L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene sampling L224/analysis N/A year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L026 is the analytical laboratory of TNO
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 26: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)