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Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2016

RIVM Annual report

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Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

December 19, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2016 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. When hovering over the site codes in this report’s tables, the Dutch site name and location along with the responsible monitoring network will show up. For more information on the monitoring sites (including coordinates), monitoring instruments, and sampling practices, please consult the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, see the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2016, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

Most numbers in this report have been rounded to one decimal place and where deemed logical, to 0 or 2 decimal places. However, for testing against the limit values, the rounding practices of the limit values in the relevant EU Directives have been taken into account, of which most are a whole number. Key statistics rounded to more decimal places than in this report are available on the RIVM public data catalog for air quality measurements, as well as the underlying hourly and daily data.

For some pollutants, relevant statistics are also plotted on an interactive map to provide a quick overview of the concentration distribution throughout the Netherlands and compliance with limit values, and to view specific stations more easily. Every dot represents an individual station and clicking on it will bring up a pop-up with the site code and name, the responsible network, the site type, the component, and the relevant value for that component. Please note that the colors do not necessarily match the colors in the tables of the key statistics. Instead, where possible, the same color categories have been used as the European Environment Agency (EEA) applies in their maps for easier comparison with European data. Only stations with at least 85% of valid data have been included in the maps.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

Key statistics for NO2 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL10107

 17.0 14.3 45.1 64.8 14.3 8678 98.8 0 55.3 60.2

NL10131

 16.7 13.2 49.3 69.2 13.2 8543 97.3 0 60.7 67.3

NL10133

 14.2 11.6 41.3 66.9 11.6 8653 98.5 0 51.1 58.0

NL10230

 20.0 15.3 61.8 319.7 15.3 8634 98.3 14 96.6 222.0

NL10235

 17.0 13.9 49.1 87.8 13.9 8749 99.6 0 62.2 67.3

NL10246

 18.3 14.2 54.3 85.1 14.2 8577 97.6 0 61.5 71.2

NL10301

 15.9 11.8 52.4 115.7 11.8 8591 97.8 0 59.7 69.1

NL10318

 15.8 11.7 49.8 106.7 11.7 8619 98.1 0 56.5 70.5

NL10437

 19.2 15.4 53.8 89.8 15.4 8083 92.0 0 63.9 80.0

NL10444

 14.9 10.3 52.6 76.5 10.3 8614 98.1 0 56.7 64.2

NL10538

 13.1 7.9 53.2 104.3 7.9 8683 98.8 0 56.6 71.9

NL10617

 14.3 10.7 46.6 70.1 10.7 8667 98.7 0 57.8 66.5

NL10631

 12.7 9.3 43.2 71.4 9.3 7962 90.6 0 54.8 56.2

NL10633

 18.9 15.7 49.6 70.9 15.7 8212 93.5 0 57.9 60.9

NL10644

 17.7 13.8 51.3 76.8 13.8 8463 96.3 0 56.0 63.9

NL10722

 14.0 11.1 43.1 62.6 11.1 8155 92.8 0 52.2 56.3

NL10738

 15.1 11.8 45.6 82.6 11.8 8736 99.5 0 62.4 72.8

NL10807

 12.4 9.3 41.9 63.5 9.3 8362 95.2 0 53.0 61.5

NL10818

 12.5 9.0 43.2 61.4 9.0 8434 96.0 0 55.2 59.2

NL10918

 10.7 7.2 44.4 69.6 7.2 8652 98.5 0 51.8 65.8

NL10929

 10.7 8.0 37.8 59.1 8.0 8476 96.5 0 48.7 56.5

NL10934

 9.2 6.2 38.7 64.3 6.2 8552 97.4 0 45.7 59.2

NL49703

 20.4 15.4 61.8 106.7 15.4 8715 99.2 0 77.0 85.6
Urban Background

NL01485

 27.6 24.3 67.8 105.3 24.3 8700 99.0 0 75.2 84.5

NL01488

 27.4 23.2 69.7 105.9 23.2 8703 99.1 0 70.2 82.6

NL01494

 32.7 29.3 81.0 163.7 29.3 8715 99.2 0 80.5 120.0

NL01495

 32.1 29.6 77.2 121.5 29.6 8716 99.2 0 81.2 103.6

NL10138

 18.0 14.6 51.3 78.3 14.6 8119 92.4 0 54.4 67.2

NL10241

 23.1 19.2 61.9 101.6 19.2 8385 95.5 0 89.5 80.3

NL10247

 19.5 15.6 56.9 92.0 15.6 8622 98.2 0 60.5 67.9

NL10404

 25.0 18.5 79.9 170.8 18.5 8618 98.1 0 94.2 127.2

NL10418

 30.6 27.3 72.8 136.2 27.3 8637 98.3 0 76.4 88.9

NL10442

 22.8 18.9 60.2 171.9 18.9 8325 94.8 0 67.6 80.3

NL10446

 27.6 22.5 77.0 163.8 22.5 8154 92.8 0 94.1 101.9

NL10549

 18.6 14.5 55.7 88.5 14.5 8732 99.4 0 67.7 70.1

NL10643

 23.0 18.0 65.4 128.3 18.0 8631 98.3 0 70.0 83.4

NL10742

 22.6 18.9 59.4 94.8 18.9 8604 98.0 0 65.6 70.7

NL10938

 11.7 8.2 43.3 69.0 8.2 8120 92.4 0 50.6 62.9

NL49003

 23.9 19.7 66.5 99.6 19.7 8677 98.8 0 76.2 85.0

NL49014

 25.1 21.0 64.4 106.2 21.0 8516 96.9 0 88.0 86.7

NL49019

 30.0 25.4 75.1 141.1 25.4 8491 96.7 0 79.6 98.9

NL49021

 22.0 17.8 60.5 85.1 17.8 8539 97.2 0 70.2 78.8

NL49022

 21.9 16.9 64.8 111.8 16.9 8658 98.6 0 76.6 89.7

NL49701

 23.5 17.2 71.9 148.8 17.2 8072 91.9 0 78.5 91.2
Roadside

NL01483

 49.5 48.7 102.5 206.1 48.8 608 6.9 1 99.3 95.4

NL01487

 42.2 39.3 92.4 167.9 39.3 8703 99.1 0 101.7 135.7

NL01489

 37.6 34.6 90.0 221.3 34.6 8658 98.6 1 84.0 91.8

NL01491

 38.0 34.8 87.6 150.4 34.8 8686 98.9 0 92.1 103.7

NL01493

 44.6 41.0 102.5 212.6 41.0 8734 99.4 3 105.0 131.3

NL01908

 34.8 31.2 83.5 193.1 31.2 8702 99.1 0 81.7 119.9

NL10136

 28.7 25.8 72.0 130.2 25.8 8385 95.5 0 100.6 117.4

NL10236

 25.7 22.2 64.7 99.5 22.2 8623 98.2 0 70.1 78.3

NL10237

 31.5 28.3 77.2 123.8 28.3 8445 96.1 0 78.0 97.6

NL10240

 34.1 30.4 83.7 195.4 30.4 8190 93.2 0 78.3 103.8

NL10433

 32.1 29.5 75.3 177.6 29.5 8739 99.5 0 78.2 98.2

NL10445

 34.8 30.7 86.0 174.8 30.7 8685 98.9 0 104.6 124.6

NL10547

 25.0 21.2 66.1 104.4 21.2 8550 97.3 0 71.0 79.5

NL10550

 29.0 25.1 75.1 130.6 25.1 8321 94.7 0 83.9 94.1

NL10636

 28.1 24.1 72.5 110.1 24.1 8731 99.4 0 76.5 90.2

NL10639

 31.4 27.8 78.0 167.5 27.8 8744 99.5 0 84.6 108.6

NL10641

 32.8 29.3 81.9 124.6 29.3 8478 96.5 0 84.9 96.9

NL10741

 33.4 30.8 76.5 145.6 30.8 8740 99.5 0 75.8 94.2

NL10937

 27.7 25.0 65.9 133.2 25.0 8624 98.2 0 86.7 115.6

NL49002

 48.6 45.9 104.3 206.6 45.9 8570 97.6 1 111.6 147.9

NL49007

 48.1 45.7 106.2 155.1 45.7 8656 98.5 0 103.8 117.9

NL49012

 36.7 32.5 88.1 153.7 32.5 8760 99.7 0 96.2 114.6

NL49017

 36.2 33.5 78.9 154.8 33.5 8714 99.2 0 84.2 108.3

NL49020

 41.3 37.6 95.0 190.8 37.6 8692 99.0 0 109.2 129.1
Industrial

NL01486

 35.2 33.5 76.4 116.9 33.5 1451 16.5 0 65.7 73.8

NL01496

 29.0 25.2 88.4 183.7 25.2 8741 99.5 0 101.4 141.3

NL49704

 27.4 21.2 77.1 177.6 21.2 8706 99.1 0 81.8 107.7
* Hovering over the station code will show the site name, location and responsible monitoring network
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 15.2 23
Urban Background 24.2 21
Roadside 34.9 23
Industrial 28.2 2
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Key statistics for PM10 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_50_d2
Rural Background

NL10131

 18.6 16.8 42.1 57.8 16.8 351 95.9 3

NL10133

 16.4 14.9 38.9 43.0 14.9 353 96.4 0

NL10230

 18.7 16.3 45.8 60.6 16.3 361 98.6 6

NL10235

 16.1 14.0 40.8 52.5 14.0 364 99.5 2

NL10243

 12.2 9.9 36.3 36.3 9.9 17 4.6 0

NL10244

 12.9 10.0 34.0 34.0 10.0 18 4.9 0

NL10246

 17.1 15.0 42.1 55.9 15.0 359 98.1 2

NL10318

 18.9 15.4 51.5 70.9 15.4 363 99.2 9

NL10437

 16.9 14.7 41.4 56.4 14.7 359 98.1 2

NL10444

 15.6 14.0 33.3 58.7 14.0 355 97.0 2

NL10538

 15.7 14.2 38.9 72.5 14.2 350 95.6 2

NL10617

 15.5 13.6 39.6 83.5 13.6 357 97.5 1

NL10631

 16.7 14.9 41.3 88.1 14.9 359 98.1 1

NL10633

 17.1 15.4 38.6 69.7 15.5 308 84.2 2

NL10644

 15.4 13.8 34.9 49.4 13.8 361 98.6 0

NL10722

 17.2 15.8 41.1 86.6 15.8 364 99.5 2

NL10738

 18.1 16.1 46.5 80.3 16.1 363 99.2 4

NL10807

 15.8 13.8 42.2 88.0 13.8 349 95.4 2

NL10818

 16.8 14.1 43.7 92.6 14.1 355 97.0 5

NL10918

 17.2 14.7 40.5 85.5 14.7 352 96.2 3

NL10929

 15.5 13.1 41.7 95.8 13.2 352 96.2 5

NL10934

 15.0 13.2 39.7 72.9 13.2 360 98.4 4

NL49703

 17.4 16.0 36.9 67.0 16.0 353 96.4 1
Urban Background

NL01485

 19.5 17.3 42.4 53.4 17.3 351 95.9 2

NL01488

 20.9 19.2 42.4 55.1 19.3 358 97.8 5

NL01494

 19.9 17.7 41.8 56.5 17.7 353 96.4 3

NL01495

 15.7 13.5 38.8 50.5 13.6 350 95.6 1

NL10138

 15.8 14.2 38.4 72.7 14.2 357 97.5 1

NL10241

 19.2 16.3 47.3 58.8 16.3 365 99.7 7

NL10247

 19.4 17.0 43.6 61.5 17.0 360 98.4 4

NL10404

 19.3 17.0 46.1 74.7 17.0 360 98.4 4

NL10418

 20.0 17.9 47.0 68.1 17.9 354 96.7 5

NL10442

 17.4 15.5 40.3 53.8 15.5 364 99.5 1

NL10446

 17.5 15.4 41.4 62.1 15.4 363 99.2 5

NL10549

 15.7 13.8 36.2 72.3 13.8 362 98.9 2

NL49014

 17.0 15.5 39.1 63.0 15.5 358 97.8 2

NL49016

 21.6 19.9 44.7 71.8 19.9 355 97.0 3

NL49701

 22.4 20.0 49.6 75.8 20.0 331 90.4 5
Roadside

NL01483

 26.3 24.9 57.0 57.0 24.9 21 5.7 2

NL01487

 23.5 22.2 44.0 58.8 22.2 344 94.0 3

NL01489

 18.0 15.6 41.5 59.6 15.6 346 94.5 1

NL01491

 20.8 19.0 44.9 57.8 19.0 361 98.6 4

NL01493

 20.9 19.3 42.4 52.8 19.3 361 98.6 3

NL01908

 21.9 20.4 45.6 55.6 20.4 353 96.4 3

NL10136

 18.9 16.6 46.2 56.0 16.6 359 98.1 4

NL10236

 18.4 15.9 43.6 64.0 15.9 361 98.6 3

NL10237

 20.4 18.4 46.1 58.5 18.4 354 96.7 4

NL10240

 20.7 17.9 46.4 61.8 18.0 360 98.4 5

NL10433

 20.3 19.1 41.4 53.9 19.2 360 98.4 3

NL10445

 22.3 19.7 49.8 75.3 19.7 364 99.5 5

NL10545

 21.0 19.7 43.8 74.1 19.7 365 99.7 4

NL10547

 18.2 16.0 43.5 73.7 16.0 365 99.7 4

NL10550

 19.9 17.8 38.0 72.3 17.9 356 97.3 3

NL10636

 18.7 16.7 42.7 63.7 16.7 362 98.9 3

NL10639

 18.6 16.6 42.5 67.7 16.6 363 99.2 4

NL10641

 17.4 15.2 41.1 67.3 15.2 363 99.2 2

NL10741

 21.3 19.6 48.9 83.8 19.6 361 98.6 5

NL10937

 22.6 19.9 54.0 87.4 20.0 362 98.9 9

NL49007

 23.5 21.5 46.0 73.2 21.5 361 98.6 4

NL49012

 22.1 20.3 44.5 73.5 20.3 362 98.9 6

NL49017

 20.6 19.2 40.8 68.9 19.2 359 98.1 4

NL49020

 23.1 21.6 47.1 69.5 21.6 364 99.5 5
Industrial

NL01486

 16.9 14.4 42.9 48.8 14.4 55 15.0 0

NL01496

 21.0 18.8 43.7 53.3 18.9 360 98.4 2

NL49704

 21.5 19.2 43.0 78.5 19.2 356 97.3 3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 16.7 20
Urban Background 18.8 15
Roadside 20.6 23
Industrial 21.2 2
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL10131

 8.8 7.0 27.2 39.6 7.0 327 89.3

NL10230

 11.0 8.7 33.8 47.9 8.7 346 94.5

NL10444

 8.2 5.9 27.2 49.5 6.0 330 90.2

NL10538

 8.6 6.1 31.3 67.3 6.1 325 88.8

NL10644

 9.0 6.6 28.1 41.6 6.7 332 90.7

NL10738

 9.1 6.2 30.0 66.1 6.2 330 90.2

NL10934

 8.8 6.1 32.0 64.2 6.1 333 91.0

NL49703

 12.6 10.3 31.6 67.7 10.3 356 97.3
Urban Background

NL01485

 11.1 7.6 29.1 39.7 7.6 60 16.4

NL01488

 12.3 9.6 33.6 48.8 9.6 358 97.8

NL01494

 11.9 9.0 34.0 48.1 9.0 357 97.5

NL01495

 9.3 6.7 30.5 43.2 6.7 347 94.8

NL10138

 9.4 7.7 29.1 46.9 7.7 302 82.5

NL10241

 12.0 9.7 35.3 44.9 9.7 358 97.8

NL10247

 11.3 8.9 33.5 45.6 8.9 348 95.1

NL10404

 9.9 7.0 35.9 47.4 7.0 360 98.4

NL10418

 10.6 8.0 31.3 43.2 8.0 359 98.1

NL10643

 11.8 9.0 35.4 57.1 9.0 349 95.4

NL10742

 10.8 8.1 34.0 61.0 8.2 346 94.5

NL10821

 10.8 7.9 32.8 78.8 7.9 339 92.6

NL10938

 10.6 7.7 35.8 65.6 7.7 350 95.6

NL49014

 11.3 8.3 32.2 61.5 8.4 362 98.9

NL49016

 15.0 12.4 36.8 69.4 12.4 355 97.0

NL49701

 12.0 9.1 32.9 68.9 9.1 362 98.9
Roadside

NL01483

 18.7 14.8 40.1 40.1 14.9 22 6.0

NL01487

 14.7 12.2 37.9 50.4 12.3 350 95.6

NL01489

 12.3 9.3 34.7 47.4 9.3 346 94.5

NL01491

 11.3 8.8 34.1 45.4 8.8 364 99.5

NL10136

 9.3 7.1 29.9 36.9 7.2 312 85.2

NL10240

 10.5 8.1 32.2 43.9 8.1 359 98.1

NL10433

 9.4 6.2 32.2 44.0 6.2 284 77.6

NL10448

 10.7 8.1 31.7 44.0 8.1 357 97.5

NL10547

 10.2 7.1 34.3 59.2 7.1 330 90.2

NL10636

 10.3 7.7 32.5 55.4 7.7 345 94.3

NL10641

 9.4 6.7 28.6 55.9 6.7 336 91.8

NL10741

 10.5 7.9 32.3 61.0 8.0 352 96.2

NL10937

 10.5 8.0 35.2 63.8 8.0 349 95.4

NL49007

 14.4 11.9 36.9 64.4 11.9 361 98.6

NL49012

 15.4 12.7 37.6 75.1 12.7 363 99.2

NL49017

 12.7 10.6 33.7 63.6 10.6 359 98.1
Industrial

NL01496

 11.0 8.3 30.8 44.0 8.3 336 91.8

NL49704

 10.6 8.0 30.6 62.0 8.0 356 97.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 9.8 6
Urban Background 11.4 14
Roadside 11.8 13
Industrial 10.8 2
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2016 (in μg/m3)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2016 is 12.3 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Key statistics for SO2 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background

NL10133

 0.8 0.6 4.8 15.9 0.6 2484 28.3 0 11.2 13.2 0 NA

NL10318

 1.0 0.7 5.7 30.8 0.7 8771 99.9 0 10.1 20.8 0 1.1

NL10444

 1.0 0.7 5.2 23.5 0.7 7688 87.5 0 7.6 10.0 0 1.4

NL10644

 0.6 0.4 4.2 19.3 0.4 8440 96.1 0 4.3 9.0 0 0.8

NL10722

 0.9 0.8 5.2 17.4 0.8 8609 98.0 0 5.7 12.1 0 1.2

NL10934

 0.4 0.3 2.4 12.1 0.3 8500 96.8 0 8.8 10.3 0 0.5
Urban Background

NL01485

 6.8 5.2 24.7 236.8 5.2 8618 98.1 0 70.8 118.4 0 5.0

NL01494

 4.0 3.3 12.2 40.2 3.3 1445 16.4 0 11.0 18.3 0 NA

NL01495

 3.0 2.1 13.0 45.5 2.1 8631 98.3 0 16.2 22.1 0 3.8

NL49016

 0.9 0.5 4.5 15.0 0.5 8556 97.4 0 12.3 8.6 0 1.1
Industrial

NL01484

 8.4 5.9 35.2 210.6 5.9 8533 97.1 0 43.5 61.3 0 8.4

NL01486

 5.1 4.6 7.2 31.5 4.6 82 0.9 0 31.5 9.4 0 NA

NL01496

 5.2 4.2 16.6 53.7 4.2 8496 96.7 0 17.4 24.4 0 5.1

NL49704

 1.2 0.9 5.7 23.4 0.9 8700 99.0 0 7.3 10.2 0 1.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2016 to 31 March 2017)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 7: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 0.7 4
Urban Background 3.5 3
Industrial 5.0 3
Table 8: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. See Table 11 for the number of exceedance days in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and their 3-year averages.

In addition, the number of days on which at least one exceedance of the information or alert threshold value is observed, is shown in the columns exc_info and exc_alert in the table below. The information threshold for ozone is 180 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations and the alert threshold for ozone is 240 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2016 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2016
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 exc_info2 exc_alert3 aot404 somo355
Rural Background

NL10107

 42.0 40.7 115.5 198.7 40.7 8615 98.1 106.9 180.9 14 2 0 8703.6 2797.0

NL10131

 43.7 43.0 117.3 184.1 43.0 8402 95.7 105.5 162.8 17 1 0 10402.5 3256.6

NL10230

 41.0 40.1 112.1 166.7 40.1 8533 97.1 106.9 149.7 12 0 0 8436.0 2545.8

NL10235

 41.2 40.0 107.5 190.6 40.0 8593 97.8 101.7 158.3 11 1 0 7251.0 2485.3

NL10301

 48.3 50.6 99.1 187.1 50.6 8422 95.9 120.8 164.5 7 1 0 4552.8 2260.0

NL10318

 45.7 46.3 102.7 180.1 46.3 8595 97.8 114.4 154.7 10 0 0 5936.6 2543.0

NL10437

 41.6 41.5 97.6 183.5 41.5 8447 96.2 122.6 171.4 8 2 0 4866.0 1895.1

NL10444

 49.4 53.1 105.4 190.6 53.1 8502 96.8 115.4 167.7 10 1 0 7357.8 2843.6

NL10538

 50.7 53.1 101.5 174.4 53.1 8579 97.7 108.7 145.3 10 0 0 6521.5 2595.0

NL10617

 44.8 44.6 103.7 165.9 44.6 8631 98.3 108.1 145.2 10 0 0 7496.9 2366.8

NL10631

 41.0 41.1 92.1 145.9 41.1 8488 96.6 89.3 126.3 3 0 0 3635.6 1381.5

NL10633

 42.4 42.3 98.2 181.2 42.3 8421 95.9 102.4 154.7 7 1 0 4858.0 1813.6

NL10644

 41.6 41.2 104.2 188.5 41.2 8569 97.6 119.8 176.1 10 1 0 6765.4 2213.4

NL10722

 40.5 37.2 114.0 174.3 37.2 8613 98.1 115.8 155.7 16 0 0 9247.2 2705.1

NL10738

 42.2 41.4 110.6 179.4 41.4 8666 98.7 111.0 156.6 11 0 0 8606.8 2734.3

NL10807

 43.7 42.4 113.3 170.9 42.4 8440 96.1 110.8 154.1 17 0 0 9046.2 2891.1

NL10818

 46.3 47.0 105.6 178.3 47.0 8654 98.5 107.7 147.5 7 0 0 7832.2 2510.5

NL10918

 51.1 53.0 102.9 176.6 53.0 8498 96.7 104.2 143.7 7 0 0 7220.0 2699.9

NL10929

 45.9 44.9 109.3 159.8 44.9 8480 96.5 123.0 147.7 11 0 0 7709.0 2618.5

NL10934

 47.7 48.9 95.0 147.2 48.9 8607 98.0 93.3 130.2 3 0 0 4058.0 1788.9
Suburban Background

NL10133

 39.6 39.1 106.8 196.0 39.1 8566 97.5 135.4 164.6 8 2 0 5818.3 2015.1

NL10247

 40.2 39.5 114.5 185.0 39.5 8591 97.8 108.9 166.2 14 1 0 8061.7 2563.8

NL10938

 48.2 49.6 102.0 147.2 49.6 8484 96.6 105.6 134.6 6 0 0 5646.1 2197.2
Urban Background

NL01485

 39.2 39.5 91.7 194.5 39.5 8666 98.7 106.5 148.6 6 1 0 3417.8 1561.7

NL01494

 36.9 36.6 96.0 198.7 36.6 8667 98.7 112.2 154.1 7 1 0 4415.2 1664.9

NL01495

 37.0 35.5 92.0 156.8 35.5 8715 99.2 96.1 130.4 3 0 0 3022.8 1384.3

NL10138

 46.3 46.8 119.8 219.9 46.8 8537 97.2 117.0 183.6 17 2 0 9852.0 3257.4

NL10241

 41.0 40.0 108.2 167.1 40.0 8551 97.3 119.5 154.1 9 0 0 7637.6 2467.7

NL10404

 47.4 50.8 99.9 186.7 50.8 8463 96.3 114.7 159.1 9 1 0 5548.3 2596.5

NL10418

 40.0 40.1 102.3 184.0 40.1 8501 96.8 117.4 161.5 9 1 0 6201.9 2026.9

NL10442

 41.7 41.5 105.4 187.5 41.5 8347 95.0 117.0 170.7 9 1 0 6995.4 2263.3

NL10446

 41.9 43.3 101.0 189.0 43.3 8347 95.0 167.1 177.6 10 1 0 5506.4 2092.4

NL10643

 41.4 40.9 105.8 193.0 40.9 8600 97.9 118.7 176.3 12 2 0 7174.7 2359.9

NL10742

 41.2 40.0 111.2 188.1 40.0 8514 96.9 110.9 162.1 12 2 0 7300.5 2554.7

NL49003

 42.3 43.4 97.6 166.4 43.4 8691 98.9 115.7 143.7 6 0 0 4974.9 1940.4

NL49014

 42.3 43.1 102.7 173.7 43.1 8621 98.1 112.4 147.9 8 0 0 6102.9 2006.8
Roadside

NL01489

 30.9 26.8 92.7 151.9 26.8 8584 97.7 104.0 138.3 4 0 0 3814.0 1238.3

NL01493

 32.3 31.4 83.2 138.4 31.4 8771 99.9 99.0 126.1 1 0 0 2124.3 729.5

NL10236

 41.2 40.4 113.4 184.0 40.4 8665 98.6 114.6 161.2 13 1 0 8597.6 2609.0

NL10433

 36.8 35.7 96.0 180.9 35.7 8641 98.4 111.6 158.7 8 1 0 4855.7 1664.6

NL10550

 41.6 43.3 94.1 173.0 43.3 8659 98.6 103.4 145.9 6 0 0 4761.8 1616.3

NL10636

 16.4 9.1 59.7 72.1 9.1 2212 25.2 62.2 65.4 0 0 0 0.0 0.0

NL10639

 37.2 36.0 98.8 176.5 36.0 8584 97.7 106.5 159.3 4 0 0 4914.5 1691.9

NL10641

 33.1 30.9 89.6 162.9 30.9 8529 97.1 101.0 134.2 6 0 0 3512.4 1078.0

NL49012

 37.1 36.6 90.0 147.8 36.6 8733 99.4 101.8 125.7 3 0 0 3399.8 1220.7
Industrial

NL01496

 43.3 44.5 93.3 160.5 44.5 8746 99.6 115.1 146.1 5 0 0 4102.1 1713.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for information of the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 180 µg/m³ (information threshold))
3 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for alerting the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 240 µg/m³ (alert threshold))
4 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
5 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
Table 9: Key concentration values for ozone in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 44.5 20
Suburban Background 42.7 3
Urban Background 41.4 13
Roadside 36.3 8
Industrial 43.3 1
Table 10: Summary table for ozone in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Number of exceedance days for O3
2014 2015 2016 average_3y1
Rural Background

NL10107

 7 16 14 12

NL10131

 6 13 17 12

NL10230

 3 16 12 10

NL10235

 4 12 11 9

NL10301

 2 7 7 5

NL10318

 2 10 10 7

NL10437

 3 8 8 6

NL10444

 7 8 10 8

NL10538

 2 7 10 6

NL10631

 3 8 3 5

NL10633

 3 10 7 7

NL10644

 4 12 10 9

NL10722

 7 11 16 11

NL10738

 5 16 11 11

NL10807

 7 7 17 10

NL10818

 6 6 7 6

NL10918

 5 9 7 7

NL10929

 7 9 11 9

NL10934

 6 6 3 5

NL10617

 - - 10 10
Suburban Background

NL10133

 3 13 8 8

NL10247

 9 15 14 13

NL10938

 8 8 6 7
Urban Background

NL01485

 4 7 6 6

NL01494

 2 9 7 6

NL01495

 3 5 3 4

NL10138

 10 19 17 15

NL10241

 7 14 9 10

NL10404

 3 9 9 7

NL10418

 0 10 9 6

NL10442

 6 13 9 9

NL10446

 3 7 10 7

NL10643

 5 14 12 10

NL10742

 7 13 12 11

NL49003

 3 6 6 5

NL49014

 5 8 8 7
Roadside

NL01489

 2 8 4 5

NL01493

 1 5 1 2

NL10236

 2 14 13 10

NL10433

 2 10 8 7

NL10537

 2 - - 2

NL10639

 2 10 4 5

NL10641

 2 4 6 4

NL49012

 2 6 3 4

NL10550

 - 4 6 5
Industrial

NL01496

 2 8 5 5
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 11: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2014, 2015 and 2016

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Key statistics for CO in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Rural Background

NL10633

 253.3 228.4 586.3 746.3 228.4 1319 15.0 655.9 719.7 0

NL10644

 217.6 192.6 490.1 1082.7 192.6 8398 95.6 746.9 791.3 0
Urban Background

NL01488

 313.3 306.0 451.0 530.0 306.0 85 1.0 431.5 406.0 0

NL10742

 282.6 240.2 733.7 2215.1 240.3 5128 58.4 1004.4 1547.7 0

NL49014

 279.6 240.8 671.9 3567.2 240.8 8583 97.7 827.9 1048.3 0
Roadside

NL01487

 525.2 507.0 917.0 1261.0 507.0 85 1.0 862.0 862.0 0

NL01491

 211.1 188.0 375.0 412.0 188.0 85 1.0 298.3 336.0 0

NL10741

 369.6 323.5 916.1 2780.4 323.5 8394 95.6 1341.1 1861.0 0

NL49007

 403.5 357.2 921.8 2179.1 357.2 8742 99.5 1198.1 1460.0 0

NL49012

 339.9 287.8 871.6 1638.7 287.8 8729 99.4 1075.9 1214.3 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 12: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 217.6 1
Urban Background 279.6 1
Roadside 371.0 3
Table 13: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2016
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL10131

 0.8 0.6 3.3 8.2 0.6 8520 97.0 5.3 6.3

NL10444

 0.7 0.4 2.9 7.8 0.4 8597 97.9 6.2 6.7

NL10633

 0.8 0.5 3.1 8.1 0.5 8597 97.9 6.5 7.0

NL10807

 0.7 0.5 2.7 8.5 0.5 8742 99.5 7.7 8.3

NL10929

 0.7 0.4 3.0 8.1 0.4 8641 98.4 7.7 7.9
Urban Background

NL01488

 1.0 0.7 3.8 14.8 0.7 8676 98.8 13.2 8.2

NL01494

 1.2 0.8 5.2 11.9 0.8 8760 99.7 9.0 10.0

NL10138

 1.0 0.7 4.0 10.3 0.7 8740 99.5 7.2 9.5

NL10247

 1.1 0.7 5.0 11.4 0.7 8660 98.6 7.1 8.7

NL10742

 1.0 0.8 4.1 10.7 0.8 8601 97.9 6.4 7.9

NL10821

 0.9 0.6 3.8 10.0 0.6 8741 99.5 8.1 8.7

NL10938

 0.6 0.4 2.1 27.8 0.4 8310 94.6 6.1 12.1

NL49003

 0.9 0.6 3.8 14.1 0.6 8692 99.0 6.5 6.9

NL49014

 0.9 0.7 3.2 7.7 0.7 8638 98.3 5.6 5.9

NL49701

 1.0 0.6 4.3 16.2 0.6 8732 99.4 7.3 10.8
Roadside

NL01487

 2.1 1.7 6.4 14.2 1.7 8710 99.2 10.0 11.0

NL01491

 1.4 1.1 5.2 12.4 1.1 8770 99.8 9.0 10.1

NL01492

 1.4 1.1 4.7 11.5 1.1 8486 96.6 7.3 8.2

NL01493

 2.3 1.9 8.1 12.3 1.9 5017 57.1 9.5 10.2

NL10237

 1.6 1.3 5.7 12.6 1.3 8480 96.5 7.6 11.2

NL10641

 1.5 1.2 4.4 7.9 1.2 8708 99.1 5.9 6.5

NL10741

 1.9 1.6 5.8 17.3 1.6 8746 99.6 17.3 11.1

NL49007

 2.2 1.8 7.1 12.5 1.8 8757 99.7 9.0 9.5

NL49012

 1.6 1.3 5.3 10.6 1.3 8690 98.9 7.7 8.3

NL49017

 1.6 1.4 4.8 10.9 1.4 8771 99.9 7.0 8.0

NL49020

 2.1 1.7 7.0 14.0 1.7 8243 93.8 8.0 9.2
Industrial

NL01483

 2.2 1.8 6.7 8.9 1.8 637 7.3 5.7 8.0

NL01496

 0.9 0.7 3.4 13.1 0.7 8715 99.2 6.4 7.0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 14: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 0.7 5
Urban Background 1.0 10
Roadside 1.7 10
Industrial 0.9 1
Table 15: Summary table for black carbon in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

Key statistics for benzene in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 0.6 0.4 1.9 7.5 0.4 355 97.0
Urban Background

NL01485

 0.9 0.6 3.6 6.7 0.6 351 95.9

NL01494

 1.0 0.8 2.4 3.5 0.8 349 95.4

NL01495

 0.8 0.6 2.8 7.1 0.6 356 97.3
Roadside

NL49017

 1.1 1.0 2.2 3.1 1.0 346 94.5
Industrial

NL01484

 1.8 1.4 5.6 9.3 1.4 349 95.4

NL01496

 1.0 0.7 2.8 5.8 0.7 314 85.8

NL49704

 0.8 0.6 3.3 4.4 0.6 341 93.2
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 16: Key concentration values for benzene in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 0.6 1
Urban Background 0.9 3
Roadside 1.1 1
Industrial 1.3 2
Table 17: Summary table for benzene in 2016 (in μg/m3)

For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for toluene in 2016
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 1.2 0.7 5.8 8.6 0.7 355 97.0
Urban Background

NL01485

 1.5 1.1 4.9 10.9 1.1 351 95.9

NL01494

 2.0 1.6 6.7 12.9 1.6 349 95.4

NL01495

 1.4 0.9 5.1 22.0 0.9 356 97.3
Roadside

NL49017

 3.4 3.2 6.6 7.6 3.2 346 94.5
Industrial

NL01484

 2.9 2.1 8.2 94.7 2.1 349 95.4

NL01496

 0.6 0.4 3.1 3.7 0.4 310 84.7

NL49704

 2.1 1.3 8.6 11.6 1.3 341 93.2
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 18: Key concentration values for toluene in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 1.2 1
Urban Background 1.7 3
Roadside 3.4 1
Industrial 2.5 2
Table 19: Summary table for toluene in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling.

Key statistics for Pb in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 4.6 3.3 16.1 22.4 3.3 176 48.1 PM10

NL10644

 5.1 3.7 21.4 22.2 3.8 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 20: Key concentration values for lead in 2016 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.4 0.3 1.5 2.6 0.3 176 48.1 PM10

NL10644

 0.4 0.3 1.8 3.8 0.3 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2016 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.1 176 48.1 PM10

NL10644

 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2016 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.8 0.6 2.0 3.2 0.6 176 48.1 PM10

NL10644

 0.8 0.5 4.3 5.0 0.6 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for nickel in 2016 (in ng/m3)

The annual means in the table below are based on solely PM10 filter sampling to conform with EU standards.

Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2016
component mean n
As 0.4 1
Cd 0.1 1
Ni 0.8 1
Pb 4.6 1
Table 24: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel on PM10 filters in 2016 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2016 are given in the following table.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL10444

 0.07 0.02 0.32 0.90 0.02 180 49.2
Urban Background

NL10418

 0.09 0.03 0.43 0.84 0.03 183 50.0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 25: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2016 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L520, L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L520, L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene sampling L224/analysis N/A year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L026 is the analytical laboratory of TNO
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 26: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)