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Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2016

RIVM Annual report
Version 1

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Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

July 28, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2016 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. For information on the used monitoring instruments and sampling practices, see the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, please consult the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2016, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

Key statistics for NO2 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL10107 17.0 14.3 45.1 64.8 14.3 8678 98.8 0 55.3 60.2
NL10131 16.7 13.2 49.3 69.2 13.2 8543 97.3 0 60.7 67.3
NL10133 14.2 11.6 41.3 66.9 11.6 8653 98.5 0 51.1 58.0
NL10230 20.0 15.3 61.8 319.7 15.3 8634 98.3 14 96.6 222.0
NL10235 17.0 13.9 49.1 87.8 13.9 8749 99.6 0 62.2 67.3
NL10246 18.3 14.2 54.3 85.1 14.2 8577 97.6 0 61.5 71.2
NL10301 15.9 11.8 52.4 115.7 11.8 8591 97.8 0 59.7 69.1
NL10318 15.8 11.7 49.8 106.7 11.7 8619 98.1 0 56.5 70.5
NL10437 19.2 15.4 53.8 89.8 15.4 8083 92.0 0 63.9 80.0
NL10444 14.9 10.3 52.6 76.5 10.3 8614 98.1 0 56.7 64.2
NL10538 13.1 7.9 53.2 104.3 7.9 8683 98.8 0 56.6 71.9
NL10617 14.3 10.7 46.6 70.1 10.7 8667 98.7 0 57.8 66.5
NL10631 12.7 9.3 43.2 71.4 9.3 7962 90.6 0 54.8 56.2
NL10633 18.9 15.7 49.6 70.9 15.7 8212 93.5 0 57.9 60.9
NL10644 17.7 13.8 51.3 76.8 13.8 8463 96.3 0 56.0 63.9
NL10722 14.0 11.1 43.1 62.6 11.1 8155 92.8 0 52.2 56.3
NL10738 15.1 11.8 45.6 82.6 11.8 8736 99.5 0 62.4 72.8
NL10807 12.4 9.3 41.9 63.5 9.3 8362 95.2 0 53.0 61.5
NL10818 12.5 9.0 43.2 61.4 9.0 8434 96.0 0 55.2 59.2
NL10918 10.7 7.2 44.4 69.6 7.2 8652 98.5 0 51.8 65.8
NL10929 10.7 8.0 37.8 59.1 8.0 8476 96.5 0 48.7 56.5
NL10934 9.2 6.2 38.7 64.3 6.2 8552 97.4 0 45.7 59.2
NL49703 20.4 15.4 61.8 106.7 15.4 8715 99.2 0 77.0 85.6
Urban Background
NL01485 27.6 24.3 67.8 105.3 24.3 8700 99.0 0 75.2 84.5
NL01488 27.4 23.2 69.7 105.9 23.2 8703 99.1 0 70.2 82.6
NL01494 32.7 29.3 81.0 163.7 29.3 8715 99.2 0 80.5 120.0
NL01495 32.1 29.6 77.2 121.5 29.6 8716 99.2 0 81.2 103.6
NL10138 18.0 14.6 51.3 78.3 14.6 8119 92.4 0 54.4 67.2
NL10241 23.1 19.2 61.9 101.6 19.2 8385 95.5 0 89.5 80.3
NL10247 19.5 15.6 56.9 92.0 15.6 8622 98.2 0 60.5 67.9
NL10404 25.0 18.5 79.9 170.8 18.5 8618 98.1 0 94.2 127.2
NL10418 30.6 27.3 72.8 136.2 27.3 8637 98.3 0 76.4 88.9
NL10442 22.8 18.9 60.2 171.9 18.9 8325 94.8 0 67.6 80.3
NL10446 27.6 22.5 77.0 163.8 22.5 8154 92.8 0 94.1 101.9
NL10549 18.6 14.5 55.7 88.5 14.5 8732 99.4 0 67.7 70.1
NL10643 23.0 18.0 65.4 128.3 18.0 8631 98.3 0 70.0 83.4
NL10742 22.6 18.9 59.4 94.8 18.9 8604 98.0 0 65.6 70.7
NL10938 11.7 8.2 43.3 69.0 8.2 8120 92.4 0 50.6 62.9
NL49003 23.9 19.7 66.5 99.6 19.7 8677 98.8 0 76.2 85.0
NL49014 25.1 21.0 64.4 106.2 21.0 8516 96.9 0 88.0 86.7
NL49019 30.0 25.4 75.1 141.1 25.4 8491 96.7 0 79.6 98.9
NL49021 22.0 17.8 60.5 85.1 17.8 8539 97.2 0 70.2 78.8
NL49022 21.9 16.9 64.8 111.8 16.9 8658 98.6 0 76.6 89.7
NL49701 23.5 17.2 71.9 148.8 17.2 8072 91.9 0 78.5 91.2
Roadside
NL01483 49.5 48.7 102.5 206.1 48.8 608 6.9 1 99.3 95.4
NL01487 42.2 39.3 92.4 167.9 39.3 8703 99.1 0 101.7 135.7
NL01489 37.6 34.6 90.0 221.3 34.6 8658 98.6 1 84.0 91.8
NL01491 38.0 34.8 87.6 150.4 34.8 8686 98.9 0 92.1 103.7
NL01493 44.6 41.0 102.5 212.6 41.0 8734 99.4 3 105.0 131.3
NL01908 34.8 31.2 83.5 193.1 31.2 8702 99.1 0 81.7 119.9
NL10136 28.7 25.8 72.0 130.2 25.8 8385 95.5 0 100.6 117.4
NL10236 25.7 22.2 64.7 99.5 22.2 8623 98.2 0 70.1 78.3
NL10237 31.5 28.3 77.2 123.8 28.3 8445 96.1 0 78.0 97.6
NL10240 34.1 30.4 83.7 195.4 30.4 8190 93.2 0 78.3 103.8
NL10433 32.1 29.5 75.3 177.6 29.5 8739 99.5 0 78.2 98.2
NL10445 34.8 30.7 86.0 174.8 30.7 8685 98.9 0 104.6 124.6
NL10547 25.0 21.2 66.1 104.4 21.2 8550 97.3 0 71.0 79.5
NL10550 29.0 25.1 75.1 130.6 25.1 8321 94.7 0 83.9 94.1
NL10636 28.1 24.1 72.5 110.1 24.1 8731 99.4 0 76.5 90.2
NL10639 31.4 27.8 78.0 167.5 27.8 8744 99.5 0 84.6 108.6
NL10641 32.8 29.3 81.9 124.6 29.3 8478 96.5 0 84.9 96.9
NL10741 33.4 30.8 76.5 145.6 30.8 8740 99.5 0 75.8 94.2
NL10937 27.7 25.0 65.9 133.2 25.0 8624 98.2 0 86.7 115.6
NL49002 48.6 45.9 104.3 206.6 45.9 8570 97.6 1 111.6 147.9
NL49007 48.1 45.7 106.2 155.1 45.7 8656 98.5 0 103.8 117.9
NL49012 36.7 32.5 88.1 153.7 32.5 8760 99.7 0 96.2 114.6
NL49017 36.2 33.5 78.9 154.8 33.5 8714 99.2 0 84.2 108.3
NL49020 41.3 37.6 95.0 190.8 37.6 8692 99.0 0 109.2 129.1
Industrial
NL01486 35.2 33.5 76.4 116.9 33.5 1451 16.5 0 65.7 73.8
NL01496 29.0 25.2 88.4 183.7 25.2 8741 99.5 0 101.4 141.3
NL49704 27.4 21.2 77.1 177.6 21.2 8706 99.1 0 81.8 107.7
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 15.24 23
Urban Background 24.22 21
Roadside 34.88 23
Industrial 28.18 2
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Key statistics for PM10 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_50_d2
Rural Background
NL10131 18.6 15.9 54.4 205.4 15.9 8459 96.3 66.2 92.0 3
NL10133 16.5 14.7 50.5 97.9 14.7 8462 96.3 68.4 72.4 0
NL10230 18.7 15.9 55.6 155.5 15.9 8630 98.2 126.0 74.3 6
NL10235 16.1 14.7 49.2 229.7 14.7 8671 98.7 62.6 118.7 2
NL10243 12.6 10.8 42.8 80.0 10.8 420 4.8 36.3 70.2 0
NL10244 12.9 10.8 46.7 77.4 10.8 432 4.9 74.8 69.6 0
NL10246 17.1 14.7 53.1 195.2 14.7 8611 98.0 56.6 106.3 2
NL10318 18.9 15.9 63.3 239.9 15.9 8683 98.8 94.1 190.5 9
NL10437 16.9 14.7 51.8 204.1 14.7 8639 98.3 69.4 157.8 2
NL10444 15.6 14.7 46.7 165.7 14.7 8541 97.2 165.7 75.3 2
NL10538 15.7 13.4 50.5 181.1 13.4 8415 95.8 124.4 98.8 2
NL10617 15.4 13.4 54.4 122.2 13.4 8542 97.2 90.9 99.6 1
NL10631 16.7 14.7 50.5 238.7 14.7 8571 97.6 91.4 100.0 1
NL10633 17.0 14.7 58.2 229.7 14.7 7809 88.9 229.7 110.7 2
NL10644 15.3 13.4 44.1 85.1 13.4 8639 98.3 61.6 65.9 0
NL10722 17.1 14.7 49.2 117.1 14.7 8678 98.8 112.0 96.2 2
NL10738 18.1 15.9 53.1 132.4 15.9 8698 99.0 82.8 91.3 4
NL10807 15.8 13.4 50.5 233.6 13.4 8464 96.4 91.1 99.5 2
NL10818 16.9 14.7 56.9 242.5 14.7 8564 97.5 102.6 122.9 5
NL10918 17.3 14.7 62.0 265.6 14.7 8487 96.6 103.6 103.6 3
NL10929 15.4 13.4 49.2 245.1 13.4 8460 96.3 245.1 105.3 5
NL10934 15.0 13.4 48.0 140.1 13.4 8634 98.3 90.9 100.4 4
NL49703 17.3 15.4 44.2 194.8 15.4 8551 97.3 140.6 84.8 1
Urban Background
NL01485 19.4 17.2 48.8 203.2 17.2 8483 96.6 203.2 81.1 2
NL01488 20.9 18.6 50.7 494.4 18.6 8475 96.5 494.4 122.7 5
NL01494 19.7 17.5 50.5 169.9 17.5 8413 95.8 169.9 73.3 3
NL01495 15.7 13.1 45.5 97.8 13.1 8324 94.8 67.6 81.1 1
NL10138 15.8 13.4 48.0 421.7 13.4 8577 97.6 421.7 167.6 1
NL10241 19.2 17.2 56.9 438.4 17.2 8722 99.3 438.4 124.8 7
NL10247 19.4 17.2 56.9 232.3 17.2 8645 98.4 232.3 74.7 4
NL10404 19.3 17.2 54.4 654.7 17.2 8614 98.1 654.7 209.7 4
NL10418 20.0 17.2 56.9 168.3 17.2 8537 97.2 168.3 79.6 5
NL10442 17.4 15.9 49.2 298.8 15.9 8721 99.3 298.8 85.7 1
NL10446 17.5 15.9 53.1 506.2 15.9 8669 98.7 506.2 136.9 5
NL10549 15.7 13.4 46.7 169.6 13.4 8680 98.8 169.6 106.8 2
NL49014 17.0 14.8 44.6 517.1 14.8 8587 97.8 355.4 131.8 2
NL49016 21.7 19.4 53.7 310.9 19.4 8526 97.1 310.9 134.3 3
NL49701 22.4 19.9 54.1 274.3 19.9 8033 91.4 223.1 100.5 5
Roadside
NL01483 25.8 22.0 73.3 88.7 22.0 558 6.4 61.1 74.6 2
NL01487 23.5 21.6 52.9 267.6 21.6 8248 93.9 267.6 84.4 3
NL01489 17.8 15.5 47.4 115.4 15.5 8234 93.7 66.9 74.8 1
NL01491 20.8 18.4 53.1 568.3 18.4 8652 98.5 148.8 120.0 4
NL01493 20.8 18.4 51.7 201.0 18.4 8642 98.4 201.0 80.7 3
NL01908 22.0 19.5 55.8 209.7 19.5 8530 97.1 181.5 85.3 3
NL10136 18.9 15.9 56.9 205.4 15.9 8607 98.0 85.1 104.8 4
NL10236 18.3 15.9 53.1 480.6 15.9 8644 98.4 480.6 111.3 3
NL10237 20.4 18.5 56.9 311.6 18.5 8512 96.9 311.6 86.3 4
NL10240 20.7 18.5 56.9 608.6 18.5 8636 98.3 608.6 130.3 5
NL10433 20.4 18.5 59.5 127.3 18.5 8644 98.4 65.9 105.6 3
NL10445 22.2 19.8 62.0 647.0 19.8 8686 98.9 647.0 210.9 5
NL10545 21.0 19.8 56.9 219.5 19.8 8725 99.3 214.3 122.8 4
NL10547 18.2 15.9 53.1 483.1 15.9 8725 99.3 483.1 171.3 4
NL10550 19.8 18.5 54.4 385.9 18.5 8597 97.9 385.9 110.2 3
NL10636 18.7 17.2 51.8 666.2 17.2 8639 98.3 666.2 198.6 3
NL10639 18.5 15.9 53.1 654.7 15.9 8673 98.7 654.7 210.1 4
NL10641 17.3 15.9 50.5 152.9 15.9 8685 98.9 107.3 100.2 2
NL10741 21.3 19.8 56.9 659.8 19.8 8649 98.5 659.8 164.4 5
NL10937 22.6 19.8 63.3 433.2 19.8 8700 99.0 433.2 177.0 9
NL49007 23.4 21.1 53.8 217.4 21.1 8612 98.0 217.4 124.8 4
NL49012 22.1 19.6 55.9 593.1 19.6 8670 98.7 462.3 169.9 6
NL49017 20.6 18.6 49.6 311.1 18.6 8574 97.6 189.0 93.7 4
NL49020 23.0 20.9 54.1 351.4 20.9 8728 99.4 210.1 92.9 5
Industrial
NL01486 17.0 14.3 48.3 451.1 14.3 1334 15.2 451.1 110.0 0
NL01496 21.1 18.8 52.2 252.8 18.8 8571 97.6 55.1 82.3 2
NL49704 21.5 18.7 54.1 172.1 18.7 8631 98.3 119.5 89.7 3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 16.72 20
Urban Background 18.75 15
Roadside 20.54 23
Industrial 21.28 2
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL10131 8.8 6.7 31.3 50.0 6.7 7893 89.9 39.8 46.2
NL10230 11.1 8.5 38.9 67.7 8.5 8202 93.4 67.7 53.0
NL10444 8.2 5.6 33.3 108.8 5.6 7897 89.9 108.8 62.7
NL10538 8.6 5.7 33.3 99.2 5.7 7773 88.5 70.1 79.2
NL10644 8.9 6.3 35.2 86.0 6.3 7826 89.1 45.5 59.5
NL10738 9.0 6.1 37.3 91.6 6.1 7817 89.0 69.1 73.7
NL10934 8.8 5.6 35.8 83.4 5.6 8060 91.8 76.0 79.5
NL49703 12.6 9.9 37.8 132.9 9.9 8594 97.8 132.9 81.7
Urban Background
NL01485 11.0 7.6 36.3 178.8 7.6 1430 16.3 178.8 53.9
NL01488 12.3 9.0 41.2 430.7 9.0 8500 96.8 430.7 101.8
NL01494 11.8 8.7 39.3 150.8 8.7 8513 96.9 150.8 61.3
NL01495 9.3 6.3 36.4 85.3 6.3 8358 95.2 47.5 65.7
NL10138 9.5 7.2 34.8 234.0 7.2 7231 82.3 234.0 92.8
NL10241 12.0 9.1 40.2 260.6 9.1 8629 98.2 260.6 69.7
NL10247 11.3 8.6 39.7 123.9 8.6 8316 94.7 123.9 53.2
NL10404 9.9 6.6 39.0 476.5 6.6 8620 98.1 476.5 140.2
NL10418 10.6 7.5 36.8 104.6 7.5 8626 98.2 86.2 64.8
NL10643 11.9 8.8 40.5 381.6 8.8 8358 95.2 381.6 115.6
NL10742 10.9 8.1 36.6 395.8 8.1 8311 94.6 395.8 90.4
NL10821 10.9 7.6 41.0 1117.7 7.6 8098 92.2 1117.7 227.8
NL10938 10.5 7.4 39.0 183.1 7.4 8414 95.8 115.7 95.4
NL49014 11.3 8.1 38.4 356.5 8.1 8679 98.8 356.5 124.1
NL49016 15.0 11.6 42.5 261.7 11.6 8497 96.7 261.7 118.0
NL49701 12.0 8.7 39.0 199.8 8.7 8714 99.2 199.8 83.1
Roadside
NL01483 19.0 15.4 54.1 87.7 15.4 559 6.4 44.2 68.6
NL01487 14.6 11.3 43.4 220.5 11.3 8382 95.4 220.5 70.7
NL01489 12.3 9.0 39.4 71.2 9.0 8297 94.5 47.4 58.0
NL01491 11.3 8.4 39.6 138.6 8.4 8680 98.8 138.6 70.5
NL10136 9.3 6.6 36.0 133.0 6.6 7509 85.5 49.8 63.4
NL10240 10.6 7.5 39.1 465.3 7.5 8612 98.0 465.3 87.8
NL10433 9.3 6.1 39.2 94.1 6.1 6774 77.1 46.8 64.2
NL10448 10.7 7.5 38.7 175.2 7.5 8613 98.1 175.2 62.8
NL10547 10.3 6.7 41.9 297.9 6.7 7802 88.8 297.9 98.2
NL10636 10.3 7.2 38.1 535.0 7.2 8268 94.1 535.0 129.8
NL10641 9.4 6.5 35.5 95.4 6.5 8008 91.2 60.4 66.0
NL10741 10.5 7.7 37.1 503.4 7.7 8375 95.3 503.4 104.0
NL10937 10.5 7.3 38.7 250.7 7.3 8394 95.6 250.7 93.1
NL49007 14.3 11.2 41.9 201.1 11.2 8421 95.9 201.1 110.4
NL49012 15.4 11.7 45.0 410.8 11.7 8473 96.5 410.8 152.8
NL49017 12.7 9.8 40.4 161.2 9.8 8611 98.0 161.2 76.9
Industrial
NL01496 10.9 8.0 37.2 92.3 8.0 8194 93.3 46.8 67.5
NL49704 10.6 7.2 37.7 127.6 7.2 8506 96.8 97.5 70.9
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 10.81 3
Urban Background 11.41 14
Roadside 11.88 12
Industrial 10.76 2
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2016 (in μg/m3)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2016 is 12.3 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Key statistics for SO2 in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background
NL10133 0.8 0.6 4.8 15.9 0.6 2484 28.3 0 11.2 13.2 0 NA
NL10318 1.0 0.7 5.7 30.8 0.7 8771 99.9 0 10.1 20.8 0 1.1
NL10444 1.0 0.7 5.2 23.5 0.7 7688 87.5 0 7.6 10.0 0 1.4
NL10644 0.6 0.4 4.2 19.3 0.4 8440 96.1 0 4.3 9.0 0 0.8
NL10722 0.9 0.8 5.2 17.4 0.8 8609 98.0 0 5.7 12.1 0 1.2
NL10934 0.4 0.3 2.4 12.1 0.3 8500 96.8 0 8.8 10.3 0 0.5
Urban Background
NL01485 6.8 5.2 24.7 236.8 5.2 8618 98.1 0 70.8 118.4 0 5.0
NL01494 4.0 3.3 12.2 40.2 3.3 1445 16.4 0 11.0 18.3 0 NA
NL01495 3.0 2.1 13.0 45.5 2.1 8631 98.3 0 16.2 22.1 0 3.8
NL49016 0.9 0.5 4.5 15.0 0.5 8556 97.4 0 12.3 8.6 0 1.1
Industrial
NL01484 8.4 5.9 35.2 210.6 5.9 8533 97.1 0 43.5 61.3 0 8.4
NL01486 5.1 4.6 7.2 31.5 4.6 82 0.9 0 31.5 9.4 0 NA
NL01496 5.2 4.2 16.6 53.7 4.2 8496 96.7 0 17.4 24.4 0 5.1
NL49704 1.2 0.9 5.7 23.4 0.9 8700 99.0 0 7.3 10.2 0 1.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2016 to 31 March 2017)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 7: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 0.73 4
Urban Background 3.55 3
Industrial 4.96 3
Table 8: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. See Table 11 for the number of exceedance days in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and their 3-year averages.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2016 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2016
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 aot402 somo353
Rural Background
NL10107 42.0 40.7 115.5 198.7 40.7 8615 98.1 106.9 180.9 14 8703.6 2797.0
NL10131 43.7 43.0 117.3 184.1 43.0 8402 95.7 105.5 162.8 17 10402.5 3256.6
NL10230 41.0 40.1 112.1 166.7 40.1 8533 97.1 106.9 149.7 12 8436.0 2545.8
NL10235 41.2 40.0 107.5 190.6 40.0 8593 97.8 101.7 158.3 11 7251.0 2485.3
NL10301 48.3 50.6 99.1 187.1 50.6 8422 95.9 120.8 164.5 7 4552.8 2260.0
NL10318 45.7 46.3 102.7 180.1 46.3 8595 97.8 114.4 154.7 10 5936.6 2543.0
NL10437 41.6 41.5 97.6 183.5 41.5 8447 96.2 122.6 171.4 8 4866.0 1895.1
NL10444 49.4 53.1 105.4 190.6 53.1 8502 96.8 115.4 167.7 10 7357.8 2843.6
NL10538 50.7 53.1 101.5 174.4 53.1 8579 97.7 108.7 145.3 10 6521.5 2595.0
NL10617 44.8 44.6 103.7 165.9 44.6 8631 98.3 108.1 145.2 10 7496.9 2366.8
NL10631 41.0 41.1 92.1 145.9 41.1 8488 96.6 89.3 126.3 3 3635.6 1381.5
NL10633 42.4 42.3 98.2 181.2 42.3 8421 95.9 102.4 154.7 7 4858.0 1813.6
NL10644 41.6 41.2 104.2 188.5 41.2 8569 97.6 119.8 176.1 10 6765.4 2213.4
NL10722 40.5 37.2 114.0 174.3 37.2 8613 98.1 115.8 155.7 16 9247.2 2705.1
NL10738 42.2 41.4 110.6 179.4 41.4 8666 98.7 111.0 156.6 11 8606.8 2734.3
NL10807 43.7 42.4 113.3 170.9 42.4 8440 96.1 110.8 154.1 17 9046.2 2891.1
NL10818 46.3 47.0 105.6 178.3 47.0 8654 98.5 107.7 147.5 7 7832.2 2510.5
NL10918 51.1 53.0 102.9 176.6 53.0 8498 96.7 104.2 143.7 7 7220.0 2699.9
NL10929 45.9 44.9 109.3 159.8 44.9 8480 96.5 123.0 147.7 11 7709.0 2618.5
NL10934 47.7 48.9 95.0 147.2 48.9 8607 98.0 93.3 130.2 3 4058.0 1788.9
Urban Background
NL01485 39.2 39.5 91.7 194.5 39.5 8666 98.7 106.5 148.6 6 3417.8 1561.7
NL01494 36.9 36.6 96.0 198.7 36.6 8667 98.7 112.2 154.1 7 4415.2 1664.9
NL01495 37.0 35.5 92.0 156.8 35.5 8715 99.2 96.1 130.4 3 3022.8 1384.3
NL101334 39.6 39.1 106.8 196.0 39.1 8566 97.5 135.4 164.6 8 5818.3 2015.1
NL10138 46.3 46.8 119.8 219.9 46.8 8537 97.2 117.0 183.6 17 9852.0 3257.4
NL10241 41.0 40.0 108.2 167.1 40.0 8551 97.3 119.5 154.1 9 7637.6 2467.7
NL102474 40.2 39.5 114.5 185.0 39.5 8591 97.8 108.9 166.2 14 8061.7 2563.8
NL10404 47.4 50.8 99.9 186.7 50.8 8463 96.3 114.7 159.1 9 5548.3 2596.5
NL10418 40.0 40.1 102.3 184.0 40.1 8501 96.8 117.4 161.5 9 6201.9 2026.9
NL10442 41.7 41.5 105.4 187.5 41.5 8347 95.0 117.0 170.7 9 6995.4 2263.3
NL10446 41.9 43.3 101.0 189.0 43.3 8347 95.0 167.1 177.6 10 5506.4 2092.4
NL10643 41.4 40.9 105.8 193.0 40.9 8600 97.9 118.7 176.3 12 7174.7 2359.9
NL10742 41.2 40.0 111.2 188.1 40.0 8514 96.9 110.9 162.1 12 7300.5 2554.7
NL109384 48.2 49.6 102.0 147.2 49.6 8484 96.6 105.6 134.6 6 5646.1 2197.2
NL49003 42.3 43.4 97.6 166.4 43.4 8691 98.9 115.7 143.7 6 4974.9 1940.4
NL49014 42.3 43.1 102.7 173.7 43.1 8621 98.1 112.4 147.9 8 6102.9 2006.8
Roadside
NL01489 30.9 26.8 92.7 151.9 26.8 8584 97.7 104.0 138.3 4 3814.0 1238.3
NL01493 32.3 31.4 83.2 138.4 31.4 8771 99.9 99.0 126.1 1 2124.3 729.5
NL10236 41.2 40.4 113.4 184.0 40.4 8665 98.6 114.6 161.2 13 8597.6 2609.0
NL10433 36.8 35.7 96.0 180.9 35.7 8641 98.4 111.6 158.7 8 4855.7 1664.6
NL10550 41.6 43.3 94.1 173.0 43.3 8659 98.6 103.4 145.9 6 4761.8 1616.3
NL10636 16.4 9.1 59.7 72.1 9.1 2212 25.2 62.2 65.4 0 0.0 0.0
NL10639 37.2 36.0 98.8 176.5 36.0 8584 97.7 106.5 159.3 4 4914.5 1691.9
NL10641 33.1 30.9 89.6 162.9 30.9 8529 97.1 101.0 134.2 6 3512.4 1078.0
NL49012 37.1 36.6 90.0 147.8 36.6 8733 99.4 101.8 125.7 3 3399.8 1220.7
Industrial
NL01496 43.3 44.5 93.3 160.5 44.5 8746 99.6 115.1 146.1 5 4102.1 1713.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
3 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
4 These sites are considered suburban background sites under the ozone directive
Table 9: Key concentration values for ozone in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 44.53 20
Urban Background 41.66 16
Roadside 36.28 8
Industrial 43.27 1
Table 10: Summary table for ozone in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Number of exceedance days for O3
2014 2015 2016 average_3y1
Rural Background
NL10107 7 16 14 12
NL10131 6 13 17 12
NL10230 3 16 12 10
NL10235 4 12 11 9
NL10301 2 7 7 5
NL10318 2 10 10 7
NL10437 3 8 8 6
NL10444 7 8 10 8
NL10538 2 7 10 6
NL10631 3 8 3 5
NL10633 3 10 7 7
NL10644 4 12 10 9
NL10722 7 11 16 11
NL10738 5 16 11 11
NL10807 7 7 17 10
NL10818 6 6 7 6
NL10918 5 9 7 7
NL10929 7 9 11 9
NL10934 6 6 3 5
NL10617 - - 10 10
Urban Background
NL01485 4 7 6 6
NL01494 2 9 7 6
NL01495 3 5 3 4
NL10133 3 13 8 8
NL10138 10 19 17 15
NL10241 7 14 9 10
NL10247 9 15 14 13
NL10404 3 9 9 7
NL10418 0 10 9 6
NL10442 6 13 9 9
NL10446 3 7 10 7
NL10643 5 14 12 10
NL10742 7 13 12 11
NL10938 8 8 6 7
NL49003 3 6 6 5
NL49014 5 8 8 7
Roadside
NL01489 2 8 4 5
NL01493 1 5 1 2
NL10236 2 14 13 10
NL10433 2 10 8 7
NL10537 2 - - 2
NL10639 2 10 4 5
NL10641 2 4 6 4
NL49012 2 6 3 4
NL10550 - 4 6 5
Industrial
NL01496 2 8 5 5
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 11: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2014, 2015 and 2016

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Key statistics for CO in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Rural Background
NL10633 253.3 228.4 586.3 746.3 228.4 1319 15.0 655.9 719.7 0
NL10644 217.6 192.6 490.1 1082.7 192.6 8398 95.6 746.9 791.3 0
Urban Background
NL01488 313.3 306.0 451.0 530.0 306.0 85 1.0 431.5 406.0 0
NL10742 282.6 240.2 733.7 2215.1 240.3 5128 58.4 1004.4 1547.7 0
NL49014 279.6 240.8 671.9 3567.2 240.8 8583 97.7 827.9 1048.3 0
Roadside
NL01487 525.2 507.0 917.0 1261.0 507.0 85 1.0 862.0 862.0 0
NL01491 211.1 188.0 375.0 412.0 188.0 85 1.0 298.3 336.0 0
NL10741 369.6 323.5 916.1 2780.4 323.5 8394 95.6 1341.1 1861.0 0
NL49007 403.5 357.2 921.8 2179.1 357.2 8742 99.5 1198.1 1460.0 0
NL49012 339.9 287.8 871.6 1638.7 287.8 8729 99.4 1075.9 1214.3 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 12: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 217.62 1
Urban Background 279.64 1
Roadside 370.99 3
Table 13: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2016
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL10131 0.8 0.6 3.3 8.2 0.6 8520 97.0 5.3 6.3
NL10444 0.7 0.4 2.9 7.8 0.4 8597 97.9 6.2 6.7
NL10633 0.8 0.5 3.1 8.1 0.5 8597 97.9 6.5 7.0
NL10807 0.7 0.5 2.7 8.5 0.5 8742 99.5 7.7 8.3
NL10929 0.7 0.4 3.0 8.1 0.4 8641 98.4 7.7 7.9
Urban Background
NL01488 1.0 0.7 3.8 14.8 0.7 8676 98.8 13.2 8.2
NL01494 1.2 0.8 5.2 11.9 0.8 8760 99.7 9.0 10.0
NL10138 1.0 0.7 4.0 10.3 0.7 8740 99.5 7.2 9.5
NL10247 1.1 0.7 5.0 11.4 0.7 8660 98.6 7.1 8.7
NL10742 1.0 0.8 4.1 10.7 0.8 8601 97.9 6.4 7.9
NL10821 0.9 0.6 3.8 10.0 0.6 8741 99.5 8.1 8.7
NL10938 0.6 0.4 2.1 27.8 0.4 8310 94.6 6.1 12.1
NL49003 0.9 0.6 3.8 14.1 0.6 8692 99.0 6.5 6.9
NL49014 0.9 0.7 3.2 7.7 0.7 8638 98.3 5.6 5.9
NL49701 1.0 0.6 4.3 16.2 0.6 8732 99.4 7.3 10.8
Roadside
NL01487 2.1 1.7 6.4 14.2 1.7 8710 99.2 10.0 11.0
NL01491 1.4 1.1 5.2 12.4 1.1 8770 99.8 9.0 10.1
NL01492 1.4 1.1 4.7 11.5 1.1 8486 96.6 7.3 8.2
NL01493 2.3 1.9 8.1 12.3 1.9 5017 57.1 9.5 10.2
NL10237 1.6 1.3 5.7 12.6 1.3 8480 96.5 7.6 11.2
NL10641 1.5 1.2 4.4 7.9 1.2 8708 99.1 5.9 6.5
NL10741 1.9 1.6 5.8 17.3 1.6 8746 99.6 17.3 11.1
NL49007 2.2 1.8 7.1 12.5 1.8 8757 99.7 9.0 9.5
NL49012 1.6 1.3 5.3 10.6 1.3 8690 98.9 7.7 8.3
NL49017 1.6 1.4 4.8 10.9 1.4 8771 99.9 7.0 8.0
NL49020 2.1 1.7 7.0 14.0 1.7 8243 93.8 8.0 9.2
Industrial
NL01483 2.2 1.8 6.7 8.9 1.8 637 7.3 5.7 8.0
NL01496 0.9 0.7 3.4 13.1 0.7 8715 99.2 6.4 7.0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 14: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 0.73 5
Urban Background 0.96 10
Roadside 1.75 10
Industrial 0.92 1
Table 15: Summary table for black carbon in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

Key statistics for benzene in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 0.57 0.38 1.85 7.52 0.38 355 97.00
Urban Background
NL01485 0.86 0.65 3.62 6.73 0.65 351 95.90
NL01494 0.95 0.84 2.44 3.50 0.84 349 95.36
NL01495 0.81 0.64 2.80 7.08 0.64 356 97.27
Roadside
NL49017 1.13 1.05 2.21 3.12 1.05 346 94.54
Industrial
NL01484 1.79 1.36 5.61 9.31 1.36 349 95.36
NL01496 1.00 0.74 2.77 5.75 0.75 314 85.79
NL49704 0.85 0.58 3.33 4.41 0.58 341 93.17
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 16: Key concentration values for benzene in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 0.57 1
Urban Background 0.88 3
Roadside 1.13 1
Industrial 1.32 2
Table 17: Summary table for benzene in 2016 (in μg/m3)

For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for toluene in 2016
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 1.18 0.67 5.81 8.64 0.67 355 97.00
Urban Background
NL01485 1.53 1.12 4.93 10.91 1.12 351 95.90
NL01494 2.02 1.56 6.74 12.86 1.56 349 95.36
NL01495 1.42 0.92 5.14 21.97 0.92 356 97.27
Roadside
NL49017 3.38 3.20 6.59 7.56 3.21 346 94.54
Industrial
NL01484 2.85 2.13 8.15 94.66 2.13 349 95.36
NL01496 0.58 0.35 3.14 3.71 0.35 310 84.70
NL49704 2.09 1.32 8.57 11.55 1.32 341 93.17
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 18: Key concentration values for toluene in 2016 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2016
type mean n
Rural Background 1.18 1
Urban Background 1.66 3
Roadside 3.38 1
Industrial 2.47 2
Table 19: Summary table for toluene in 2016 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling.

Key statistics for Pb in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 4.6 3.3 16.1 22.4 3.3 176 48.1 PM10
NL10644 5.1 3.7 21.4 22.2 3.8 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 20: Key concentration values for lead in 2016 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.4 0.3 1.5 2.6 0.3 176 48.1 PM10
NL10644 0.4 0.3 1.8 3.8 0.3 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2016 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.1 176 48.1 PM10
NL10644 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2016 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.8 0.6 2.0 3.2 0.6 176 48.1 PM10
NL10644 0.8 0.5 4.3 5.0 0.6 90 24.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for nickel in 2016 (in ng/m3)
Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2016
component mean n
As 0.44 2
Cd 0.11 2
Ni 0.80 2
Pb 4.82 2
Table 24: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel in 2016 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2016 are given in the following table.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2016
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL10444 0.07 0.02 0.32 0.90 0.02 180 49.2
Urban Background
NL10418 0.09 0.03 0.43 0.84 0.03 183 50.0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 25: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2016 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L520, L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L520, L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene L224 year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L026 is the analytical laboratory of TNO
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 26: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)