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Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2017

RIVM Annual report
Version 1

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Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

July 28, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2017 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. For information on the used monitoring instruments and sampling practices, see the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, please consult the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2017, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

Key statistics for NO2 in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL10107 17.0 14.1 47.0 86.5 14.1 8449 96.4 0 57.2 71.2
NL10131 18.5 15.5 50.2 84.2 15.5 8363 95.5 0 59.2 72.1
NL10133 14.2 11.5 43.4 66.0 11.5 8546 97.6 0 48.3 57.9
NL10230 21.1 16.4 65.1 306.0 16.4 8650 98.7 5 79.4 135.0
NL10235 17.9 15.3 47.8 88.4 15.3 8591 98.1 0 52.6 68.0
NL10246 18.4 14.9 53.4 85.1 14.9 8422 96.1 0 61.0 66.2
NL10301 14.8 10.6 52.5 74.1 10.6 8571 97.8 0 56.9 66.7
NL10318 15.3 11.1 50.4 92.9 11.1 8568 97.8 0 59.7 65.0
NL10437 18.6 14.9 54.9 80.4 14.9 8546 97.6 0 55.6 70.4
NL10444 14.3 10.1 51.5 82.7 10.1 8682 99.1 0 60.0 70.3
NL10538 12.2 7.8 47.6 89.0 7.8 8530 97.4 0 56.6 66.7
NL10617 13.3 10.2 43.8 67.0 10.2 8614 98.3 0 49.6 55.6
NL10633 16.0 12.3 47.3 79.2 12.3 8388 95.8 0 53.4 62.1
NL10644 17.4 13.8 50.0 72.1 13.8 8529 97.4 0 54.8 66.6
NL10722 13.1 10.9 39.4 68.2 10.9 7586 86.6 0 54.1 64.3
NL10738 15.2 12.4 44.0 84.2 12.4 8704 99.4 0 49.6 61.5
NL10807 12.2 9.6 39.4 70.1 9.6 7836 89.5 0 49.5 60.3
NL10818 11.1 8.1 38.8 64.0 8.1 8606 98.2 0 49.0 57.0
NL10918 9.7 6.8 40.1 64.4 6.8 8558 97.7 0 46.9 57.4
NL10929 10.5 8.0 35.1 64.7 8.0 8611 98.3 0 56.8 59.4
NL10934 8.3 5.9 32.6 53.0 5.9 8235 94.0 0 40.7 48.0
NL49703 19.8 14.8 60.5 123.2 14.8 8637 98.6 0 66.5 82.8
Urban Background
NL01485 26.9 23.1 69.3 96.5 23.1 8741 99.8 0 75.8 81.5
NL01488 28.2 24.1 72.0 111.2 24.1 8645 98.7 0 73.8 87.0
NL01494 31.3 27.5 76.4 127.0 27.5 8263 94.3 0 78.0 96.1
NL01495 31.1 27.9 76.0 142.1 27.9 8735 99.7 0 74.4 108.7
NL10138 16.9 13.4 50.2 77.0 13.4 8520 97.3 0 55.6 68.6
NL10241 23.3 19.4 61.2 99.5 19.4 8136 92.9 0 70.2 75.4
NL10247 19.2 15.6 54.5 83.9 15.6 8659 98.8 0 62.5 74.6
NL10404 24.4 17.9 76.2 183.4 17.9 8421 96.1 0 88.8 128.7
NL10418 31.6 27.7 75.2 123.5 27.7 8651 98.8 0 73.1 98.2
NL10442 22.9 19.1 61.7 130.9 19.1 8720 99.5 0 60.5 75.4
NL10446 26.9 21.4 74.5 161.3 21.4 8518 97.2 0 82.0 111.7
NL10549 18.8 15.2 53.3 78.7 15.2 8557 97.7 0 56.3 64.4
NL10643 22.1 17.8 61.9 95.7 17.8 8691 99.2 0 64.3 78.1
NL10742 22.8 19.3 58.3 121.2 19.3 8681 99.1 0 64.0 80.7
NL10938 11.1 8.1 39.8 85.7 8.1 8728 99.6 0 51.5 60.8
NL49003 24.0 19.8 64.4 94.4 19.8 8597 98.1 0 73.3 81.6
NL49014 25.2 21.2 65.1 108.6 21.2 8620 98.4 0 70.4 87.4
NL49019 29.5 25.1 72.8 123.9 25.1 8719 99.5 0 78.0 98.7
NL49021 22.5 18.4 61.8 110.5 18.4 8595 98.1 0 63.5 73.7
NL49022 21.6 16.6 64.0 137.3 16.6 8652 98.8 0 67.4 85.5
NL49701 22.3 16.1 67.6 132.8 16.1 8520 97.3 0 75.2 93.3
Roadside
NL01487 40.5 37.8 87.9 138.1 37.8 8724 99.6 0 89.3 99.6
NL01489 38.0 35.1 88.2 148.4 35.1 8736 99.7 0 85.9 107.0
NL01491 37.8 34.5 86.7 149.9 34.5 8744 99.8 0 92.4 113.2
NL01493 44.3 40.3 99.3 174.0 40.3 8671 99.0 0 102.5 126.7
NL01908 33.7 30.2 82.1 139.5 30.2 8716 99.5 0 86.2 106.2
NL10136 26.4 23.7 66.7 151.1 23.7 8077 92.2 0 87.2 92.1
NL10236 24.5 21.2 60.8 107.4 21.2 8736 99.7 0 65.4 79.8
NL10237 29.5 26.5 69.6 134.2 26.5 8373 95.6 0 72.0 94.5
NL10240 33.3 29.6 82.2 142.4 29.6 7910 90.3 0 140.6 131.1
NL10433 34.1 31.3 76.0 131.8 31.3 8700 99.3 0 79.3 90.7
NL10445 33.9 29.8 83.2 240.9 29.8 8446 96.4 2 95.7 135.7
NL10547 23.5 20.0 60.0 95.5 20.0 8726 99.6 0 66.7 82.0
NL10550 27.3 23.3 71.6 112.6 23.3 8736 99.7 0 76.4 89.1
NL10636 28.6 25.0 71.2 103.9 25.0 8534 97.4 0 73.1 85.7
NL10639 30.9 27.4 73.9 112.3 27.4 6537 74.6 0 71.5 89.3
NL10641 32.4 29.9 75.0 123.3 29.9 8578 97.9 0 79.6 84.1
NL10741 32.2 29.8 72.5 143.9 29.8 8583 98.0 0 79.8 97.0
NL10937 24.8 21.9 60.5 105.2 21.9 8467 96.7 0 71.2 82.9
NL49002 48.4 46.6 96.9 176.8 46.6 8697 99.3 0 105.7 130.8
NL49007 43.9 40.1 98.9 157.6 40.1 8497 97.0 0 98.0 120.3
NL49012 35.4 31.1 82.8 130.8 31.1 8644 98.7 0 88.7 103.1
NL49017 35.2 32.0 77.4 141.0 32.0 8514 97.2 0 89.6 107.3
NL49020 43.5 40.7 92.4 149.8 40.7 8673 99.0 0 93.7 112.7
Industrial
NL01496 28.6 24.6 85.6 151.1 24.6 8559 97.7 0 105.1 125.1
NL49704 26.4 20.8 74.2 174.6 20.8 8554 97.6 0 80.2 102.2
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 15.18 20
Urban Background 23.93 21
Roadside 34.14 22
Industrial 27.50 2
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2017 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Key statistics for PM10 in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_50_d2
Rural Background
NL10131 19.5 15.9 64.6 229.7 15.9 8593 98.1 90.5 96.8 11
NL10133 17.8 15.9 55.6 158.0 15.9 8619 98.4 99.2 96.4 6
NL10230 19.7 17.2 64.6 141.4 17.2 8700 99.3 96.0 104.3 13
NL10235 17.1 14.7 56.9 136.3 14.7 8654 98.8 92.9 99.8 7
NL10246 17.7 14.7 60.8 163.2 14.7 5802 66.2 115.2 102.2 8
NL10318 17.8 14.7 60.8 136.3 14.7 8673 99.0 93.7 100.8 10
NL10437 16.6 14.7 54.4 129.9 14.7 8603 98.2 86.3 96.0 6
NL10444 16.2 14.7 51.8 309.1 14.7 8681 99.1 289.2 144.8 5
NL10538 15.1 13.4 53.1 147.8 13.4 8545 97.5 108.1 90.8 6
NL10617 15.5 13.4 59.5 167.0 13.4 8579 97.9 144.8 122.2 8
NL10631 23.2 18.5 76.1 184.9 18.5 2395 27.3 139.7 127.1 8
NL10633 16.6 13.4 59.5 211.8 13.4 8032 91.7 143.9 95.7 6
NL10644 15.3 13.4 48.0 114.5 13.4 8460 96.6 82.9 86.8 3
NL10722 18.2 15.9 59.5 133.7 15.9 8532 97.4 95.9 111.5 9
NL10738 18.6 15.9 62.0 243.8 15.9 8713 99.5 181.1 129.9 10
NL10807 18.2 14.7 65.9 178.5 14.7 8621 98.4 165.7 125.2 9
NL10818 15.0 12.1 60.8 211.8 12.1 8531 97.4 122.2 117.3 8
NL10918 13.5 10.8 53.1 259.1 10.8 8469 96.7 164.9 159.3 7
NL10929 14.7 12.1 59.5 192.6 12.1 8447 96.4 145.2 132.2 10
NL10934 16.0 13.4 60.8 149.1 13.4 8582 98.0 100.8 100.8 6
NL49703 16.3 13.1 50.8 239.8 13.1 8604 98.2 199.7 138.4 5
Urban Background
NL01485 19.6 17.2 54.8 362.3 17.2 8599 98.2 362.3 118.3 9
NL01488 17.9 15.3 51.2 775.0 15.3 8261 94.3 775.0 184.2 7
NL01494 20.6 18.0 54.7 363.2 18.0 7883 90.0 363.2 123.8 7
NL01495 19.7 17.4 51.4 251.1 17.4 8406 96.0 77.0 100.6 4
NL10138 16.6 14.7 53.1 382.0 14.7 8606 98.2 382.0 107.7 6
NL10241 19.7 17.2 59.5 511.3 17.2 8523 97.3 511.3 166.6 8
NL10247 18.9 17.2 59.5 387.1 17.2 8658 98.8 387.1 104.0 9
NL10404 20.1 17.2 56.9 951.6 17.2 8726 99.6 951.6 228.4 9
NL10418 20.0 17.2 60.8 265.6 17.2 8634 98.6 265.6 111.2 9
NL10442 18.0 15.9 55.6 310.4 15.9 8717 99.5 310.4 121.8 8
NL10446 17.1 15.9 48.0 1050.2 15.9 7701 87.9 1050.2 284.5 3
NL10549 16.7 14.7 53.1 375.6 14.7 8646 98.7 375.6 171.5 8
NL49014 17.2 14.4 50.4 253.4 14.4 8406 96.0 203.4 142.7 6
NL49016 21.6 19.2 56.3 224.7 19.2 8275 94.5 195.7 131.5 8
NL49701 19.9 16.7 60.4 271.0 16.7 8506 97.1 251.1 178.2 10
Roadside
NL01487 22.6 20.3 56.3 440.0 20.3 8253 94.2 440.0 126.1 10
NL01489 21.1 18.7 53.8 148.4 18.7 8442 96.4 80.5 86.1 7
NL01491 21.7 19.3 54.6 266.3 19.3 8461 96.6 266.3 125.3 7
NL01493 21.0 18.2 57.1 223.9 18.2 8502 97.1 223.9 86.7 7
NL01908 21.7 18.7 58.8 306.9 18.7 8513 97.2 306.9 108.1 12
NL10136 18.9 17.2 55.6 350.0 17.2 8248 94.2 97.9 80.6 5
NL10236 19.3 17.2 56.9 576.6 17.2 8665 98.9 576.6 126.5 9
NL10237 21.6 18.5 63.3 213.1 18.5 8655 98.8 85.0 98.7 13
NL10240 21.8 18.5 63.3 624.0 18.5 8422 96.1 624.0 147.2 15
NL10433 21.6 18.5 64.6 156.8 18.5 8376 95.6 86.0 96.8 9
NL10445 23.5 21.1 69.7 1118.0 21.1 8623 98.4 1118.0 306.3 14
NL10545 25.0 21.1 76.1 338.5 21.1 3014 34.4 229.3 159.3 12
NL10547 18.4 15.9 58.2 517.7 15.9 8725 99.6 517.7 193.9 10
NL10550 19.4 17.2 59.5 417.9 17.2 8700 99.3 417.9 183.8 10
NL10636 19.0 15.9 60.8 768.6 15.9 8634 98.6 768.6 215.2 11
NL10639 19.6 17.2 59.5 1893.7 17.2 8531 97.4 1893.7 382.0 12
NL10641 18.3 15.9 58.2 213.1 15.9 8675 99.0 160.6 108.1 9
NL10741 22.0 18.5 68.4 947.8 18.5 8674 99.0 947.8 233.3 19
NL10937 21.9 18.5 68.4 908.1 18.5 8695 99.3 656.0 259.9 13
NL49007 22.2 19.1 61.7 402.7 19.1 8439 96.3 315.2 155.5 12
NL49012 21.8 19.2 56.1 582.9 19.2 8503 97.1 582.9 217.3 8
NL49017 20.2 17.6 54.7 513.9 17.6 8437 96.3 513.9 216.8 6
NL49020 22.6 19.6 58.1 636.1 19.6 8663 98.9 636.1 223.5 10
Industrial
NL01496 23.8 21.0 63.9 114.8 21.0 8559 97.7 99.3 109.5 13
NL49704 17.4 13.6 59.1 287.6 13.6 8559 97.7 224.5 154.6 8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 16.73 19
Urban Background 18.90 13
Roadside 20.91 22
Industrial 20.64 2
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL10131 10.2 7.8 37.7 63.6 7.8 8433 96.3 61.2 60.1
NL10230 11.1 7.9 47.0 97.1 7.9 8485 96.9 73.5 77.4
NL10444 9.8 6.9 43.2 204.0 6.9 8518 97.2 198.0 105.1
NL10538 8.9 5.8 40.5 105.8 5.8 8409 96.0 80.3 68.5
NL10644 9.9 7.1 41.7 80.1 7.1 7975 91.0 69.9 73.9
NL10738 11.1 7.9 43.4 144.2 7.9 8500 97.0 116.4 85.4
NL10934 8.7 5.5 41.9 99.9 5.5 8303 94.8 67.3 75.0
NL49703 10.1 6.9 44.4 212.0 6.9 8526 97.3 180.1 122.0
Urban Background
NL01488 11.5 8.4 43.4 722.0 8.4 8383 95.7 722.0 169.3
NL01494 12.7 9.3 43.0 319.5 9.3 8365 95.5 319.5 110.3
NL01495 11.8 9.2 41.6 85.4 9.2 8442 96.4 71.1 75.1
NL10138 10.0 7.3 39.2 254.9 7.3 8426 96.2 254.9 77.7
NL10241 11.5 8.7 40.6 319.7 8.7 7969 91.0 319.7 107.1
NL10247 12.2 9.4 45.4 252.9 9.4 8507 97.1 252.9 76.3
NL10404 10.2 7.0 43.7 628.1 7.0 8350 95.3 628.1 192.3
NL10418 10.3 7.0 43.4 166.8 7.0 8421 96.1 166.8 83.9
NL10643 10.8 7.3 47.1 391.2 7.3 8462 96.6 391.2 129.8
NL10742 11.6 8.5 44.0 486.8 8.5 8479 96.8 486.8 133.0
NL10821 10.3 6.8 45.4 935.7 6.8 8336 95.2 935.7 203.3
NL10938 9.6 6.4 44.8 486.7 6.4 8104 92.5 486.7 139.3
NL49014 10.1 6.7 45.0 231.3 6.7 8545 97.5 186.7 128.9
NL49016 14.4 11.0 52.1 221.1 11.0 8418 96.1 185.9 124.7
NL49701 11.8 8.5 45.4 230.8 8.5 8686 99.2 215.6 145.6
Roadside
NL01487 14.6 11.1 47.3 397.9 11.1 8519 97.2 397.9 119.4
NL01489 12.9 9.6 44.5 112.3 9.6 8529 97.4 77.6 84.0
NL01491 12.7 9.9 43.0 240.0 9.9 8508 97.1 240.0 106.3
NL10136 9.9 7.2 38.7 73.3 7.2 8292 94.7 73.3 55.4
NL10240 12.2 8.8 47.3 386.4 8.8 8293 94.7 386.4 96.7
NL10433 9.9 6.5 43.4 86.5 6.5 7795 89.0 76.7 81.9
NL10448 11.6 8.2 44.6 225.9 8.2 8520 97.3 225.9 82.7
NL10547 10.3 6.8 46.8 333.9 6.8 8296 94.7 333.9 127.9
NL10636 10.8 7.6 44.2 591.0 7.6 8449 96.4 591.0 158.4
NL10641 10.4 7.1 45.6 126.6 7.1 8530 97.4 103.3 76.2
NL10741 11.8 8.8 43.5 601.4 8.8 8439 96.3 601.4 154.4
NL10937 9.5 6.5 37.5 449.6 6.5 8050 91.9 364.3 135.9
NL49007 12.7 9.1 48.3 311.2 9.1 8433 96.3 311.2 137.8
NL49012 13.8 10.5 47.2 438.7 10.5 8238 94.0 438.7 183.2
NL49017 13.5 10.4 47.2 499.0 10.4 8548 97.6 499.0 194.9
Industrial
NL01496 11.4 8.1 44.4 87.2 8.1 8295 94.7 76.8 83.3
NL49704 10.8 7.1 47.3 258.8 7.1 8361 95.4 203.0 136.8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 9.99 8
Urban Background 11.25 15
Roadside 11.90 14
Industrial 11.07 2
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2017 (in μg/m3)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2017 is 11.4 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Key statistics for SO2 in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background
NL10318 0.8 0.8 2.9 3.5 0.8 227 2.6 0 2.1 2.9 0 NA
NL10444 1.0 0.7 4.7 14.0 0.7 8714 99.5 0 10.2 8.4 0 0.8
NL10644 0.4 0.2 3.5 11.0 0.2 8643 98.7 0 3.9 6.9 0 0.3
NL10722 0.6 0.3 4.9 20.9 0.3 8561 97.7 0 8.1 11.4 0 0.6
NL10934 0.4 0.3 2.3 9.5 0.3 8537 97.5 0 3.5 5.0 0 0.3
Urban Background
NL01485 4.7 2.7 29.7 93.8 2.7 8716 99.5 0 25.5 41.0 0 4.3
NL01495 3.2 2.4 14.6 64.9 2.4 8738 99.7 0 20.1 25.3 0 3.5
NL49016 0.9 0.6 4.5 19.5 0.6 8552 97.6 0 7.0 11.8 0 0.7
Industrial
NL01484 7.1 4.9 28.3 325.9 4.9 8602 98.2 0 23.4 53.9 0 6.1
NL01496 3.5 2.5 14.4 86.9 2.5 8721 99.6 0 19.5 41.6 0 3.1
NL49704 1.2 0.7 6.0 24.8 0.7 7798 89.0 0 6.8 15.2 0 1.1
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2017 to 31 March 2018)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 7: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 0.58 4
Urban Background 2.94 3
Industrial 5.30 2
Table 8: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2017 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. See Table 11 for the number of exceedance days in 2015, 2016 and 2017 and their 3-year averages.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2017 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2017
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 aot402 somo353
Rural Background
NL10107 42.6 41.1 108.9 171.1 41.1 8649 98.7 108.0 162.1 12 10562.0 2637.2
NL10131 43.3 42.0 110.2 177.5 42.0 8452 96.5 106.8 160.4 14 10736.6 2750.8
NL10230 41.0 40.4 105.6 171.1 40.4 8591 98.1 104.0 141.4 10 8023.3 2286.1
NL10235 42.7 42.6 104.5 192.9 42.6 8408 96.0 123.1 154.3 9 7569.7 2455.8
NL10301 51.8 54.4 101.5 195.2 54.4 8613 98.3 121.1 151.3 8 7370.9 2771.7
NL10318 46.2 46.3 101.1 180.6 46.3 8530 97.4 119.9 149.4 6 6847.9 2342.7
NL10437 43.8 45.3 95.9 157.6 45.3 8596 98.1 103.8 129.3 4 4870.7 1681.3
NL10444 52.3 56.5 99.1 168.1 56.5 8628 98.5 105.4 139.3 5 6483.7 2880.5
NL10538 50.9 52.9 90.8 151.3 52.9 8521 97.3 94.8 129.5 3 4068.5 1892.2
NL10617 46.5 46.8 96.0 150.1 46.8 8466 96.6 97.8 134.0 6 5338.4 2071.9
NL10631 35.7 35.8 70.9 87.6 35.8 2378 27.1 68.9 77.9 0 0.0 61.7
NL10633 41.9 42.2 93.3 158.2 42.2 8262 94.3 98.2 137.0 3 4760.8 1572.8
NL10644 43.1 43.5 98.4 163.9 43.5 8475 96.7 111.4 139.1 8 5974.3 1991.9
NL10722 40.9 38.2 101.2 182.3 38.2 8577 97.9 107.1 154.2 8 7678.9 2299.0
NL10738 43.3 42.5 106.3 170.9 42.5 8645 98.7 111.6 153.0 11 9344.0 2693.0
NL10807 46.6 46.0 103.7 173.4 46.0 8496 97.0 111.5 155.3 10 8206.3 2691.7
NL10818 48.5 49.0 98.0 166.6 49.0 8511 97.2 100.8 147.3 10 6581.4 2318.2
NL10918 49.4 51.0 86.4 153.3 51.0 8321 95.0 87.8 121.0 1 2928.4 1310.6
NL10929 47.2 46.8 97.3 154.6 46.8 8560 97.7 98.1 140.3 6 6071.1 2198.4
NL10934 49.3 50.6 86.9 151.7 50.6 8486 96.9 97.4 132.5 3 2920.1 1444.0
Urban Background
NL01485 40.0 40.9 89.7 142.0 40.9 8652 98.8 103.0 135.2 2 3858.6 1282.7
NL01494 38.6 39.2 92.1 148.8 39.2 8384 95.7 91.4 132.5 5 3898.0 1468.7
NL01495 37.2 37.5 83.5 126.0 37.5 8321 95.0 90.2 116.5 0 2242.2 804.1
NL101334 42.5 41.8 107.7 189.0 41.8 8638 98.6 115.5 174.0 9 9921.9 2367.7
NL10138 48.9 48.4 116.4 202.3 48.4 8614 98.3 129.8 187.8 17 13935.8 3580.6
NL10241 42.4 42.0 108.0 172.1 42.0 8330 95.1 117.2 159.2 10 8223.9 2586.8
NL102474 40.6 38.9 109.2 168.2 38.9 8627 98.5 113.9 153.4 12 9494.9 2649.5
NL10404 48.9 52.7 97.7 164.9 52.7 8394 95.8 103.1 131.7 3 5722.5 2495.9
NL10418 38.1 38.5 90.2 148.7 38.5 8643 98.7 97.3 133.8 3 3905.4 1281.8
NL10442 42.4 42.9 101.5 165.4 42.9 8631 98.5 110.6 150.9 7 6869.8 2212.0
NL10446 44.3 46.9 98.3 161.9 47.0 8650 98.7 109.9 131.8 6 6010.1 2073.1
NL10643 39.9 39.8 94.2 154.1 39.8 8635 98.6 100.2 138.3 5 5119.9 1647.9
NL10742 42.8 42.1 105.9 175.1 42.1 8637 98.6 114.3 158.3 13 8515.1 2461.5
NL109384 50.0 51.6 93.3 156.1 51.6 8652 98.8 100.6 141.4 4 4477.0 2026.2
NL49003 41.4 42.6 87.6 147.8 42.6 8529 97.4 104.5 122.6 1 3215.2 1325.0
NL49014 44.8 45.9 96.4 164.5 45.9 8612 98.3 101.8 139.2 6 5560.7 2109.8
Roadside
NL01489 32.8 30.1 89.4 163.5 30.1 8578 97.9 102.1 143.3 2 3667.3 1158.1
NL01493 34.2 33.7 83.7 139.1 33.7 8627 98.5 89.0 113.6 0 2238.2 750.3
NL10236 40.0 39.0 102.4 162.7 39.0 8650 98.7 113.1 145.3 10 7217.1 1952.0
NL10433 37.6 37.7 95.2 155.3 37.7 8651 98.8 92.9 127.3 3 4737.2 1542.4
NL10550 42.9 45.5 86.4 144.3 45.5 8640 98.6 83.4 119.3 0 2477.8 1099.3
NL10636 37.7 37.3 89.4 156.8 37.3 8553 97.6 110.9 137.0 1 3689.9 1186.7
NL10639 37.8 37.5 89.5 146.2 37.5 8494 97.0 93.9 132.2 3 3670.7 1306.5
NL10641 35.1 35.1 83.1 147.6 35.1 8438 96.3 84.7 127.4 1 2644.0 763.2
NL49012 38.1 39.5 82.0 131.5 39.5 8577 97.9 82.4 113.6 0 1967.7 710.7
Industrial
NL01496 43.8 45.2 91.7 130.2 45.2 8536 97.4 93.0 121.0 1 2124.4 1261.7
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
3 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
4 These sites are considered suburban background sites under the ozone directive
Table 9: Key concentration values for ozone in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 45.84 19
Urban Background 42.68 16
Roadside 37.35 9
Industrial 43.76 1
Table 10: Summary table for ozone in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Number of exceedance days for O3
2015 2016 2017 average_3y1
Rural Background
NL10107 16 14 12 14
NL10131 13 17 14 15
NL10230 16 12 10 13
NL10235 12 11 9 11
NL10301 7 7 8 7
NL10318 10 10 6 9
NL10437 8 8 4 7
NL10444 8 10 5 8
NL10538 7 10 3 7
NL10631 8 3 - 6
NL10633 10 7 3 7
NL10644 12 10 8 10
NL10722 11 16 8 12
NL10738 16 11 11 13
NL10807 7 17 10 11
NL10818 6 7 10 8
NL10918 9 7 1 6
NL10929 9 11 6 9
NL10934 6 3 3 4
NL10617 - 10 6 8
Urban Background
NL01485 7 6 2 5
NL01494 9 7 5 7
NL01495 5 3 0 3
NL10133 13 8 9 10
NL10138 19 17 17 18
NL10241 14 9 10 11
NL10247 15 14 12 14
NL10404 9 9 3 7
NL10418 10 9 3 7
NL10442 13 9 7 10
NL10446 7 10 6 8
NL10643 14 12 5 10
NL10742 13 12 13 13
NL10938 8 6 4 6
NL49003 6 6 1 4
NL49014 8 8 6 7
Roadside
NL01489 8 4 2 5
NL01493 5 1 0 2
NL10236 14 13 10 12
NL10433 10 8 3 7
NL10550 4 6 0 3
NL10639 10 4 3 6
NL10641 4 6 1 4
NL49012 6 3 0 3
NL10636 - - 1 1
Industrial
NL01496 8 5 1 5
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 11: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2015, 2016 and 2017

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Key statistics for CO in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Rural Background
NL10644 215.6 193.2 490.2 740.5 193.2 8636 98.6 614.1 659.1 0
Urban Background
NL10742 277.8 244.4 673.2 1699.3 244.4 6768 77.3 969.4 1338.6 0
NL49014 243.6 217.0 596.7 2254.3 217.0 8435 96.3 837.6 1419.1 0
Roadside
NL10741 350.0 310.5 814.1 2458.7 310.5 8749 99.9 1075.6 1665.3 0
NL49007 344.4 295.1 836.9 2527.4 295.1 8424 96.2 1155.4 1499.2 0
NL49012 368.6 322.9 825.4 1709.6 322.9 8618 98.4 944.2 1209.7 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 12: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 215.56 1
Urban Background 243.57 1
Roadside 354.32 3
Table 13: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2017 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2017
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL10131 0.8 0.6 3.0 6.7 0.6 8494 97.0 4.6 5.1
NL10444 0.6 0.3 3.2 9.0 0.3 8731 99.7 7.1 5.7
NL10633 0.7 0.5 3.2 13.5 0.5 8480 96.8 5.2 5.5
NL10644 0.7 0.5 2.6 8.3 0.5 4297 49.1 2.7 3.3
NL10807 0.5 0.3 3.0 6.2 0.3 8747 99.9 5.3 5.5
NL10929 0.6 0.4 2.9 5.8 0.4 8744 99.8 5.0 5.3
Urban Background
NL01488 1.0 0.7 3.7 7.2 0.7 8662 98.9 6.8 6.0
NL01494 1.1 0.8 4.3 10.2 0.8 8540 97.5 6.0 7.0
NL10138 0.9 0.6 3.7 9.0 0.6 8743 99.8 7.1 7.6
NL10247 1.0 0.7 3.9 14.0 0.7 8715 99.5 5.7 6.8
NL10742 1.0 0.7 3.4 9.6 0.7 8748 99.9 6.3 8.1
NL10821 0.8 0.5 3.5 9.4 0.5 8715 99.5 9.4 5.9
NL10938 0.6 0.4 3.3 20.4 0.4 8753 99.9 9.2 5.3
NL49003 0.9 0.6 3.9 9.3 0.6 8670 99.0 6.5 6.2
NL49014 0.9 0.6 3.2 7.4 0.6 8491 96.9 6.2 6.6
NL49701 0.8 0.5 3.8 12.3 0.5 8748 99.9 6.3 6.2
Roadside
NL01487 1.9 1.6 5.9 10.6 1.6 8722 99.6 8.0 8.7
NL01491 1.4 1.0 4.6 12.4 1.0 8743 99.8 7.6 10.3
NL01492 1.4 1.1 4.4 10.4 1.1 8597 98.1 6.1 7.7
NL01493 2.0 1.5 6.5 12.8 1.5 8693 99.2 8.3 10.2
NL10237 1.5 1.2 4.6 11.2 1.2 8652 98.8 6.3 8.4
NL10641 1.4 1.2 4.0 7.5 1.2 8604 98.2 5.3 6.2
NL10741 1.7 1.4 5.4 15.7 1.4 8483 96.8 7.0 9.8
NL49007 1.8 1.4 5.9 11.6 1.4 8582 98.0 7.4 8.7
NL49012 1.4 1.0 4.6 10.5 1.0 8685 99.1 7.9 7.5
NL49017 1.5 1.2 4.5 9.6 1.2 8669 99.0 7.8 6.9
NL49020 1.8 1.5 5.5 11.7 1.5 8746 99.8 8.2 8.4
Industrial
NL01496 0.9 0.6 3.5 9.6 0.6 8722 99.6 4.7 6.4
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 14: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 0.63 5
Urban Background 0.89 10
Roadside 1.60 11
Industrial 0.88 1
Table 15: Summary table for black carbon in 2017 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

Key statistics for benzene in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 0.64 0.47 2.25 3.02 0.47 352 96.44
Urban Background
NL01485 0.50 0.36 1.98 4.32 0.36 365 100.00
NL01494 0.78 0.66 2.34 3.46 0.66 359 98.36
NL01495 0.62 0.48 2.26 5.94 0.48 360 98.63
Roadside
NL49017 1.20 1.11 2.34 3.03 1.11 356 97.53
Industrial
NL01484 1.70 1.31 6.16 9.65 1.31 361 98.90
NL01496 0.72 0.50 2.87 4.02 0.50 358 98.08
NL49704 0.72 0.49 2.74 5.75 0.49 339 92.88
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 16: Key concentration values for benzene in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 0.64 1
Urban Background 0.64 3
Roadside 1.20 1
Industrial 1.04 3
Table 17: Summary table for benzene in 2017 (in μg/m3)

For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for toluene in 2017
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 1.38 0.98 5.26 14.32 0.98 352 96.44
Urban Background
NL01485 2.34 2.10 6.12 8.97 2.10 365 100.00
NL01494 2.75 2.42 6.83 9.78 2.42 359 98.36
NL01495 1.95 1.66 5.65 10.69 1.66 360 98.63
Roadside
NL49017 3.40 3.23 6.72 9.45 3.23 356 97.53
Industrial
NL01484 2.65 1.94 9.95 30.18 1.94 361 98.90
NL01496 0.71 0.54 2.40 3.61 0.54 359 98.36
NL49704 1.75 1.06 7.52 18.12 1.06 339 92.88
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 18: Key concentration values for toluene in 2017 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2017
type mean n
Rural Background 1.38 1
Urban Background 2.35 3
Roadside 3.40 1
Industrial 1.70 3
Table 19: Summary table for toluene in 2017 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling.

Key statistics for Pb in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 4.2 3.2 13.8 21.2 3.2 159 43.6 PM10
NL10644 4.7 3.2 20.5 27.2 3.2 83 22.7 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 20: Key concentration values for lead in 2017 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.4 0.3 1.4 6.1 0.3 159 43.6 PM10
NL10644 0.4 0.3 0.9 4.8 0.3 83 22.7 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2017 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.1 159 43.6 PM10
NL10644 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 83 22.7 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2017 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.9 0.8 3.3 5.4 0.8 159 43.6 PM10
NL10644 0.8 0.6 3.1 8.2 0.6 82 22.5 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for nickel in 2017 (in ng/m3)
Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2017
component mean n
As 0.42 2
Cd 0.10 2
Ni 0.88 2
Pb 4.41 2
Table 24: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel in 2017 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2017 are given in the following table.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2017
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL10444 0.07 0.02 0.83 1.09 0.02 182 49.9
Urban Background
NL10418 0.08 0.04 0.69 0.79 0.04 182 49.9
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 25: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2017 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene L224 year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L026 is the analytical laboratory of TNO
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 26: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)