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Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2022

RIVM Annual report

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Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

December 19, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2022 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. When hovering over the site codes in this report’s tables, the Dutch site name and location along with the responsible monitoring network will show up. For more information on the monitoring sites (including coordinates), monitoring instruments, and sampling practices, please consult the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, see the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2022, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

Most numbers in this report have been rounded to one decimal place and where deemed logical, to 0 or 2 decimal places. However, for testing against the limit values, the rounding practices of the limit values in the relevant EU Directives have been taken into account, of which most are a whole number. Key statistics rounded to more decimal places than in this report are available on the RIVM public data catalog for air quality measurements, as well as the underlying hourly and daily data.

For some pollutants, relevant statistics are also plotted on an interactive map to provide a quick overview of the concentration distribution throughout the Netherlands and compliance with limit values, and to view specific stations more easily. Every dot represents an individual station and clicking on it will bring up a pop-up with the site code and name, the responsible network, the site type, the component, and the relevant value for that component. Please note that the colors do not necessarily match the colors in the tables of the key statistics. Instead, where possible, the same color categories have been used as the European Environment Agency (EEA) applies in their maps for easier comparison with European data. Only stations with at least 85% of valid data have been included in the maps.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

In 2022, the nitrogen dioxide concentrations at all measurement locations were in compliance with the higher limit value applicable at the time. A more stringent limit value for nitrogen dioxide of 20 μg/m3 will enter into effect in 2030. Most monitoring stations near busy roads, for example in and around Amsterdam and Rotterdam, currently do not meet this limit value. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 200 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard. Only 8 sites meet the WHO guideline of a maximum annual average of 10 μg/m3.

Key statistics for NO2 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL01497

 18.5 12.0 73.5 159.5 12.0 8637 98.6 0 94.7 113.7

NL10107

 12.3 10.0 34.7 79.4 10.0 8709 99.4 0 41.3 49.0

NL10131

 13.5 10.7 40.6 81.4 10.7 8618 98.4 0 46.7 53.5

NL10133

 9.9 8.1 29.8 55.0 8.1 8620 98.4 0 40.5 45.6

NL10230

 13.7 10.6 42.0 84.7 10.6 8676 99.0 0 47.9 61.1

NL10235

 13.9 11.4 43.3 67.2 11.4 8612 98.3 0 49.4 56.6

NL10246

 13.9 10.7 45.0 93.4 10.7 8695 99.3 0 53.7 81.6

NL10248

 4.6 4.2 10.2 12.2 4.2 91 1.0 0 6.7 8.3

NL10301

 12.5 8.9 47.0 94.7 8.9 8625 98.5 0 58.5 82.1

NL10318

 13.0 9.0 47.0 98.2 9.0 8593 98.1 0 53.2 82.1

NL10437

 14.9 11.2 47.9 84.2 11.2 8687 99.2 0 52.7 71.5

NL10444

 12.2 9.2 45.3 66.7 9.2 8701 99.3 0 49.0 57.6

NL10538

 10.8 6.7 48.0 164.8 6.7 8567 97.8 0 164.8 69.2

NL10617

 9.5 7.5 33.9 56.3 7.5 8612 98.3 0 50.8 54.5

NL10633

 11.5 8.9 39.8 64.9 8.9 8705 99.4 0 46.6 53.0

NL10644

 12.9 9.9 40.7 60.0 9.9 8567 97.8 0 46.7 55.8

NL10722

 10.9 8.9 36.6 74.4 8.9 8621 98.4 0 42.1 52.3

NL10738

 11.0 8.8 36.0 56.2 8.8 8725 99.6 0 46.7 54.7

NL10807

 9.1 7.5 30.6 52.7 7.5 8714 99.5 0 46.0 50.1

NL10818

 8.5 6.6 31.7 58.6 6.6 8237 94.0 0 50.6 56.0

NL10918

 7.2 5.3 28.4 62.0 5.3 8701 99.3 0 37.8 54.8

NL10929

 8.3 6.6 27.5 53.9 6.6 8726 99.6 0 43.1 50.1

NL10934

 6.8 5.4 26.0 53.1 5.4 8233 94.0 0 37.7 42.8

NL49703

 16.5 12.6 54.9 82.0 12.6 8719 99.5 0 58.7 63.5
Urban Background

NL01485

 21.9 17.6 62.8 115.9 17.6 8705 99.4 0 72.2 100.3

NL01488

 19.9 14.9 61.3 102.0 14.9 8669 99.0 0 55.5 80.0

NL01494

 26.3 21.6 73.5 146.1 21.6 8741 99.8 0 77.0 132.6

NL01495

 25.5 21.8 68.2 125.7 21.8 8729 99.6 0 79.2 103.0

NL01912

 21.2 17.5 58.5 97.8 17.5 8743 99.8 0 61.1 75.8

NL10138

 12.5 9.5 41.1 67.6 9.5 8622 98.4 0 40.1 53.4

NL10241

 21.1 17.5 54.4 81.8 17.6 3644 41.6 0 79.2 72.8

NL10247

 13.1 10.2 41.7 77.0 10.2 8688 99.2 0 47.5 54.6

NL10404

 19.4 14.1 66.4 107.7 14.1 8693 99.2 0 69.2 86.7

NL10418

 23.9 20.2 61.8 96.1 20.2 8712 99.5 0 64.1 80.3

NL10442

 17.1 13.5 52.0 124.4 13.5 8684 99.1 0 58.2 69.1

NL10446

 20.7 16.3 63.0 102.1 16.3 8609 98.3 0 63.1 73.1

NL10643

 15.1 11.8 47.8 81.8 11.9 8724 99.6 0 58.6 64.0

NL10742

 16.1 13.0 48.1 95.9 13.0 8698 99.3 0 56.3 79.8

NL10938

 8.2 6.3 29.5 58.0 6.3 8478 96.8 0 41.7 51.1

NL49003

 15.4 11.6 54.0 88.6 11.6 8687 99.2 0 62.8 73.8

NL49014

 17.0 13.6 50.7 74.7 13.6 8732 99.7 0 56.6 66.0

NL49019

 21.1 16.9 60.8 146.1 16.9 8592 98.1 0 72.1 81.2

NL49021

 14.6 11.5 46.6 67.8 11.5 8737 99.7 0 56.8 59.4

NL49022

 16.9 12.9 55.4 91.9 12.9 8748 99.9 0 59.4 79.0

NL49701

 17.5 12.2 60.3 94.9 12.2 8699 99.3 0 61.4 73.7
Roadside

NL01487

 31.3 27.9 74.9 121.1 27.9 8740 99.8 0 71.1 92.8

NL01489

 24.7 21.6 63.6 100.8 21.6 8735 99.7 0 65.9 79.3

NL01491

 26.6 23.1 69.9 114.4 23.1 8632 98.5 0 68.0 85.4

NL01493

 31.6 28.1 74.5 130.3 28.1 8728 99.6 0 74.7 94.0

NL10136

 20.0 16.8 57.2 103.3 16.8 8720 99.5 0 53.3 76.0

NL10236

 17.5 14.4 49.1 95.4 14.4 8614 98.3 0 57.2 79.0

NL10237

 20.4 17.4 52.7 96.1 17.4 8625 98.5 0 58.7 78.2

NL10240

 23.3 19.9 61.2 108.2 19.9 8683 99.1 0 67.8 82.8

NL10445

 24.7 20.2 69.5 115.4 20.2 8595 98.1 0 78.2 99.5

NL10449

 28.2 24.1 71.4 118.9 24.1 8523 97.3 0 67.9 90.2

NL10450

 34.4 32.4 74.6 113.8 32.4 2136 24.4 0 78.8 98.8

NL10550

 19.0 15.3 55.3 86.0 15.3 8495 97.0 0 51.7 62.2

NL10636

 18.3 15.0 51.8 76.5 15.0 8641 98.6 0 62.2 68.5

NL10639

 20.8 17.0 56.9 90.9 17.0 8652 98.8 0 60.5 71.6

NL10641

 19.6 17.0 51.8 81.5 17.0 8651 98.8 0 59.0 63.2

NL10741

 24.1 21.0 62.3 165.7 21.0 8624 98.4 0 78.9 121.9

NL10937

 17.6 15.1 48.1 100.1 15.1 8655 98.8 0 47.7 62.9

NL49002

 33.1 30.2 77.7 144.7 30.2 8677 99.1 0 78.9 95.0

NL49007

 34.4 30.8 80.7 113.9 30.8 8570 97.8 0 82.5 100.7

NL49012

 27.0 22.7 70.8 327.8 22.7 8674 99.0 1 75.7 91.5

NL49017

 26.1 22.7 63.8 94.8 22.7 8695 99.3 0 76.6 82.9

NL49020

 29.0 25.1 72.2 118.9 25.1 8703 99.3 0 80.2 93.0
Industrial

NL01496

 25.0 21.0 77.2 134.5 21.0 8705 99.4 0 82.6 102.7

NL01913

 18.0 14.0 58.2 159.5 14.0 8728 99.6 0 64.1 82.0

NL49704

 23.2 18.4 69.8 161.1 18.4 8695 99.3 0 66.9 110.8
* Hovering over the station code will show the site name, location and responsible monitoring network
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 11.8 23
Urban Background 18.2 20
Roadside 24.6 21
Industrial 22.1 3
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Concentrations of particulate matter in 2022 were in compliance with the European limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 applicable at that time. The majority of sites also meet the revised limit values from the EU directive, but most do not meet the WHO air quality guidelines.

Key statistics for PM10 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_50_d2
Rural Background

NL01497

 21.1 19.0 47.5 79.3 19.1 354 97.0 6

NL10131

 18.8 16.2 46.6 69.7 16.2 362 99.2 5

NL10133

 16.2 14.5 35.8 50.0 14.5 357 97.8 0

NL10230

 18.0 15.7 46.6 53.6 15.7 356 97.5 5

NL10235

 16.5 14.7 39.5 52.3 14.7 363 99.5 1

NL10246

 16.6 14.1 45.8 65.1 14.1 343 94.0 4

NL10248

 7.8 7.8 8.8 8.8 8.0 4 1.1 0

NL10318

 17.7 15.1 46.8 64.5 15.1 364 99.7 5

NL10437

 16.0 14.1 38.4 56.1 14.1 347 95.1 2

NL10444

 15.7 13.6 35.2 53.6 13.6 363 99.5 1

NL10538

 14.7 13.0 36.8 68.1 13.0 351 96.2 3

NL10617

 14.1 11.9 36.5 85.1 11.9 357 97.8 1

NL10633

 14.7 12.9 36.6 53.6 12.9 353 96.7 2

NL10644

 15.3 13.8 36.0 47.8 13.8 360 98.6 0

NL10722

 14.4 12.5 36.4 52.5 12.5 363 99.5 1

NL10738

 18.2 16.0 45.9 56.9 16.0 352 96.4 4

NL10807

 15.7 13.4 40.9 53.2 13.4 349 95.6 1

NL10818

 15.1 12.9 36.8 52.2 12.9 325 89.0 1

NL10918

 13.8 11.8 34.5 60.2 11.8 351 96.2 3

NL10929

 13.3 11.2 33.6 49.9 11.2 361 98.9 0

NL10934

 16.2 14.0 39.8 59.8 14.0 343 94.0 2

NL49703

 15.8 14.1 37.0 57.5 14.1 348 95.3 2
Urban Background

NL01485

 17.7 15.6 39.8 57.3 15.6 364 99.7 3

NL01488

 18.6 16.5 41.7 57.1 16.5 365 100.0 3

NL01494

 19.5 17.5 45.8 67.1 17.5 363 99.5 3

NL01495

 18.8 16.1 48.1 68.0 16.1 365 100.0 5

NL01912

 17.5 15.5 39.9 54.8 15.5 365 100.0 3

NL10138

 17.1 15.6 37.9 58.0 15.7 358 98.1 2

NL10241

 23.7 22.5 42.2 62.3 22.6 140 38.4 2

NL10247

 18.3 16.1 46.6 57.4 16.1 364 99.7 6

NL10404

 19.9 17.8 44.9 66.5 17.8 357 97.8 4

NL10418

 20.4 18.8 38.6 61.0 18.8 360 98.6 3

NL10442

 16.9 15.0 39.2 52.8 15.0 365 100.0 2

NL10446

 16.9 15.2 37.5 57.3 15.2 364 99.7 3

NL49014

 16.9 15.2 33.8 53.8 15.2 361 98.9 3

NL49016

 16.4 14.8 32.6 55.5 14.8 361 98.9 2

NL49701

 15.9 14.4 35.0 51.8 14.5 362 99.2 2
Roadside

NL01487

 18.4 16.5 40.9 57.2 16.5 363 99.5 3

NL01489

 19.5 16.4 48.5 147.5 16.4 361 98.9 6

NL01491

 18.1 15.9 40.6 57.9 15.9 363 99.5 3

NL01493

 19.2 17.2 40.9 60.1 17.2 365 100.0 3

NL10136

 18.6 17.0 45.2 63.0 17.0 364 99.7 5

NL10236

 18.0 15.8 41.7 59.0 15.8 357 97.8 5

NL10237

 19.6 18.0 42.0 59.1 18.0 355 97.3 3

NL10240

 18.7 16.8 43.2 61.6 16.8 347 95.1 3

NL10445

 20.8 18.8 44.1 69.4 18.8 363 99.5 3

NL10449

 20.0 18.1 43.6 62.4 18.1 361 98.9 5

NL10450

 23.1 20.8 40.5 50.6 20.8 88 24.1 1

NL10550

 20.9 18.7 49.0 70.2 18.7 363 99.5 5

NL10636

 16.7 14.8 39.0 48.9 14.8 365 100.0 0

NL10639

 17.4 15.6 41.5 54.0 15.7 352 96.4 1

NL10641

 15.8 13.8 34.8 50.5 13.8 362 99.2 1

NL10741

 19.9 17.9 43.3 60.9 17.9 358 98.1 4

NL10937

 19.2 17.1 46.5 71.6 17.1 361 98.9 4

NL49007

 19.4 17.0 43.8 66.7 17.1 348 95.3 5

NL49012

 19.4 17.6 37.2 63.6 17.6 360 98.6 4

NL49017

 18.5 16.8 36.5 59.9 16.8 361 98.9 4

NL49020

 19.4 17.3 42.4 58.3 17.3 357 97.8 3
Industrial

NL01496

 18.4 16.2 45.0 68.8 16.2 363 99.5 3

NL01913

 21.3 18.4 52.8 66.4 18.4 365 100.0 9

NL49557

 22.8 21.5 49.2 59.6 21.5 361 98.9 3

NL49704

 16.7 14.3 46.6 58.9 14.3 363 99.5 6
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 16.1 20
Urban Background 17.9 14
Roadside 18.9 20
Industrial 19.8 4
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL10131

 10.3 8.6 30.2 38.8 8.6 352 96.4

NL10230

 10.1 7.9 29.9 39.4 7.9 335 91.8

NL10248

 5.3 3.9 6.6 6.6 5.3 2 0.5

NL10444

 9.3 8.0 27.0 39.0 8.0 360 98.6

NL10538

 8.1 6.1 28.9 44.8 6.1 349 95.6

NL10644

 8.2 6.0 28.0 40.0 6.0 355 97.3

NL10738

 8.8 6.9 27.6 38.7 6.9 344 94.2

NL10934

 7.2 5.1 28.6 38.6 5.1 324 88.8

NL49703

 8.8 6.8 28.3 38.0 6.8 356 97.5
Urban Background

NL01485

 9.2 6.7 28.9 40.4 6.7 364 99.7

NL01488

 10.1 7.5 31.0 42.7 7.5 365 100.0

NL01494

 10.0 7.5 31.3 48.1 7.5 363 99.5

NL01495

 9.3 7.0 30.1 44.6 7.0 365 100.0

NL01912

 9.6 7.0 30.8 43.1 7.0 365 100.0

NL10138

 7.5 5.7 26.7 34.5 5.7 349 95.6

NL10241

 9.2 6.3 34.0 42.6 6.3 143 39.2

NL10247

 10.6 8.8 29.8 46.9 8.8 355 97.3

NL10404

 7.4 5.1 28.4 39.6 5.1 346 94.8

NL10418

 8.9 6.7 26.9 40.8 6.7 361 98.9

NL10643

 10.4 8.4 29.5 39.9 8.4 358 98.1

NL10742

 10.0 8.0 28.5 44.9 8.0 362 99.2

NL10821

 7.4 5.2 27.7 41.8 5.2 355 97.3

NL10938

 8.2 6.2 30.5 43.0 6.2 357 97.8

NL49014

 9.6 7.8 28.1 39.6 7.8 353 96.7

NL49016

 8.4 6.3 26.8 41.7 6.3 359 98.4

NL49701

 9.2 7.1 28.0 36.0 7.1 363 99.5
Roadside

NL01487

 10.0 7.5 31.7 43.0 7.5 363 99.5

NL01489

 9.4 7.0 29.0 41.8 7.0 361 98.9

NL01491

 9.6 6.9 29.5 42.1 6.9 363 99.5

NL10136

 9.3 7.3 28.8 36.2 7.3 351 96.2

NL10240

 10.6 8.4 32.2 47.1 8.4 349 95.6

NL10448

 9.6 7.5 29.2 41.5 7.5 342 93.7

NL10449

 10.5 8.5 30.1 43.3 8.5 357 97.8

NL10450

 10.5 7.7 26.5 34.6 7.7 72 19.7

NL10636

 11.3 9.0 31.1 40.2 9.0 357 97.8

NL10641

 8.5 6.5 29.0 38.1 6.5 358 98.1

NL10741

 9.7 7.9 28.8 43.3 7.9 359 98.4

NL10937

 8.1 6.1 28.4 45.4 6.1 358 98.1

NL49007

 9.6 7.7 29.6 42.4 7.7 354 97.0

NL49012

 10.9 8.8 31.0 44.2 8.9 362 99.2

NL49017

 10.5 8.6 29.2 40.2 8.6 361 98.9
Industrial

NL01496

 9.9 7.7 31.8 53.8 7.7 363 99.5

NL01913

 11.3 8.2 38.7 57.2 8.2 365 100.0

NL49557

 12.7 10.9 36.5 48.1 10.9 356 97.5

NL49704

 10.3 8.4 29.6 40.1 8.4 353 96.7
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 9.1 7
Urban Background 9.1 16
Roadside 9.8 14
Industrial 11.1 4
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Statistics to determine the AEI for PM2.5
2020 2021 2022 average_3y
Urban Background

NL01494

 9.7 11.6 10.0 10.5

NL10138

 7.2 7.7 7.5 7.5

NL10241

 7.6 7.7 - 7.6

NL10247

 9.9 11.3 10.6 10.6

NL10404

 7.1 6.7 7.4 7.1

NL10418

 8.4 8.4 8.9 8.6

NL10643

 9.0 10.9 10.4 10.1

NL10742

 9.8 10.8 10.0 10.2

NL10821

 7.6 7.8 7.4 7.6

NL10938

 6.9 7.7 8.2 7.6

NL49014

 9.6 9.8 9.6 9.7

NL49701

 9.9 10.2 9.2 9.8
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
Table 7: Annual means for PM2.5 (in μg/m3) on selected urban background sites and the 3-year average to determine the Average Exposure Indicator (AEI)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2022 is 8.9 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Yearly averaged sulphur dioxide concentrations are all well below the limit value of 20 µg/m³. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 350 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard.

Key statistics for SO2 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background

NL10133

 0.6 0.3 3.6 11.7 0.3 8557 97.7 0 4.4 6.6 0 0.3

NL10318

 0.8 0.4 4.9 32.3 0.4 8473 96.7 0 4.8 12.4 0 0.5

NL10444

 0.6 0.3 3.0 21.6 0.3 8565 97.8 0 3.8 7.7 0 0.5

NL10644

 0.6 0.4 2.8 10.3 0.4 8592 98.1 0 3.0 7.1 0 0.5

NL10722

 0.6 0.3 3.9 23.8 0.3 8540 97.5 0 6.3 11.3 0 0.5

NL10934

 0.2 0.1 1.3 4.3 0.1 8041 91.8 0 1.6 3.1 0 0.2
Urban Background

NL01485

 1.4 0.7 7.9 86.8 0.7 8696 99.3 0 13.9 35.3 0 1.1

NL49016

 0.7 0.6 2.9 23.9 0.6 8709 99.4 0 3.7 5.7 0 0.5
Industrial

NL01484

 3.2 1.7 19.8 321.3 1.7 8709 99.4 0 26.3 63.2 0 3.6

NL01496

 1.3 0.8 6.9 30.2 0.8 8696 99.3 0 7.3 14.9 0 1.4

NL49704

 1.1 0.7 5.3 23.3 0.7 8722 99.6 0 5.6 10.9 0 1.1
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2022 to 31 March 2023)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 8: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.6 6
Urban Background 1.0 2
Industrial 1.9 3
Table 9: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. In 2022, this occurred more than 18 times at three out of 45 stations. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. Both target values have been met, see Table 12.

In addition, the number of days on which at least one exceedance of the information or alert threshold value is observed, is shown in the columns exc_info and exc_alert in the table below. The information threshold for ozone is 180 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations and the alert threshold for ozone is 240 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2022 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2022
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 exc_info2 exc_alert3 aot404 somo355
Rural Background

NL10107

 48.6 47.4 121.0 183.6 47.4 8649 98.7 128.2 162.2 19 1 0 13385.0 4169.5

NL10131

 49.1 47.6 116.2 188.5 47.6 8565 97.8 126.0 167.5 14 1 0 10885.3 4016.8

NL10230

 50.5 49.9 118.2 199.8 49.9 8609 98.3 127.5 172.6 18 3 0 11201.4 4335.5

NL10235

 45.0 44.7 115.2 184.5 44.7 8013 91.5 126.5 164.8 13 1 0 7024.9 3084.1

NL10301

 53.8 54.9 108.7 212.6 54.9 8589 98.0 127.3 169.8 13 2 0 7140.4 3145.2

NL10318

 51.2 51.5 114.1 166.3 51.5 8593 98.1 117.0 153.8 13 0 0 8407.8 3576.1

NL10437

 49.8 50.7 111.4 193.0 50.7 8522 97.3 131.0 173.8 14 1 0 8054.7 3237.2

NL10444

 56.7 59.8 111.1 216.1 59.8 8641 98.6 145.8 192.8 15 3 0 8893.0 4279.2

NL10538

 57.1 59.2 106.0 204.3 59.2 8495 97.0 134.8 183.6 12 1 0 7117.3 3528.6

NL10617

 50.8 51.4 102.6 191.3 51.4 8606 98.2 124.0 175.1 7 1 0 5149.6 2476.2

NL10633

 48.9 49.0 107.4 200.4 49.0 8595 98.1 131.2 178.0 12 1 0 6763.7 2707.2

NL10644

 48.1 48.2 111.9 208.6 48.2 8547 97.6 139.9 192.8 13 4 0 8175.7 3008.5

NL10722

 49.8 48.4 119.0 226.2 48.4 8521 97.3 148.7 203.6 17 1 0 11316.1 4094.1

NL10738

 52.6 52.8 119.0 204.2 52.8 8590 98.1 129.6 186.9 19 1 0 11303.4 4624.7

NL10807

 49.9 49.6 106.2 207.5 49.6 8610 98.3 130.9 174.8 8 1 0 6786.8 2989.2

NL10818

 53.4 54.0 108.3 204.9 54.0 8195 93.6 129.0 177.7 10 1 0 7195.4 3350.7

NL10918

 55.3 56.0 104.4 194.2 56.0 8628 98.5 128.3 171.4 8 1 0 6316.1 2958.7

NL10929

 52.0 52.2 111.4 200.5 52.2 8487 96.9 133.5 184.3 12 1 0 8248.7 3546.5

NL10934

 55.2 55.9 102.0 186.3 55.9 8103 92.5 122.5 168.4 6 1 0 4853.9 3045.2
Suburban Background

NL10133

 47.8 47.7 115.1 170.0 47.7 8564 97.8 156.2 147.9 14 0 0 10029.4 3900.7

NL10247

 49.0 48.5 113.8 182.1 48.5 8641 98.6 131.8 172.9 12 1 0 7663.2 3630.0

NL10938

 52.0 53.0 102.5 194.1 53.0 8585 98.0 121.4 169.8 5 1 0 5172.6 2618.0
Urban Background

NL01485

 45.3 46.7 102.7 186.7 46.7 8633 98.6 125.6 164.3 7 1 0 4668.7 2323.4

NL01494

 42.2 42.7 99.8 195.5 42.7 8738 99.7 114.0 170.2 8 1 0 4545.2 1988.8

NL01495

 43.1 42.9 99.9 196.7 42.9 8743 99.8 122.9 171.6 10 1 0 4404.0 2113.0

NL10138

 53.4 53.7 122.6 171.8 53.7 8507 97.1 125.1 152.1 19 0 0 13442.9 5041.1

NL10241

 34.2 35.8 74.8 88.9 35.8 3649 41.7 76.8 83.3 0 0 0 0.0 168.5

NL10404

 53.5 56.8 108.3 210.4 56.8 8524 97.3 144.8 194.1 13 1 0 7213.2 3447.4

NL10418

 48.3 48.9 110.3 196.4 48.9 8500 97.0 139.2 182.5 12 1 0 7148.0 3013.2

NL10442

 48.0 48.3 117.5 211.4 48.3 8635 98.6 144.5 193.4 17 4 0 10231.5 3378.7

NL10446

 50.3 52.7 111.9 209.1 52.7 8614 98.3 209.1 195.3 14 2 0 8062.2 3608.8

NL10643

 51.1 51.3 113.5 206.8 51.3 8632 98.5 140.7 187.5 15 1 0 8827.3 3628.7

NL10742

 51.2 50.7 114.9 191.9 50.7 8621 98.4 134.1 172.4 14 1 0 9638.0 3796.4

NL49003

 53.0 54.3 110.5 196.2 54.3 8668 99.0 140.1 180.0 12 2 0 7730.2 3542.3

NL49014

 50.1 51.2 108.4 207.2 51.2 8678 99.1 143.3 192.3 12 2 0 7201.1 3307.6
Roadside

NL01493

 37.9 38.7 89.7 169.5 38.7 8097 92.4 109.2 147.8 4 0 0 2349.2 1090.6

NL10236

 48.7 48.4 109.8 180.0 48.4 8482 96.8 126.4 164.3 12 0 0 7683.2 3256.7

NL10449

 42.5 42.5 104.9 183.0 42.5 8620 98.4 180.3 159.2 8 0 0 5676.0 2364.6

NL10450

 23.6 21.1 66.2 79.4 21.1 1983 22.6 67.2 69.7 0 0 0 0.0 0.0

NL10550

 50.1 53.0 103.7 193.5 53.0 8575 97.9 136.4 175.6 11 1 0 5455.7 2647.4

NL10636

 46.3 46.2 105.0 189.4 46.2 8587 98.0 127.6 171.7 11 1 0 5570.6 2746.6

NL10639

 46.4 46.7 105.1 182.8 46.7 8568 97.8 121.7 166.1 10 1 0 5919.9 2655.9

NL10641

 45.8 45.2 102.6 201.9 45.2 8574 97.9 133.7 175.6 11 1 0 5757.1 2536.8

NL49012

 46.2 47.7 96.0 171.9 47.7 8728 99.6 114.1 147.3 5 0 0 3371.0 1758.9
Industrial

NL01496

 47.4 49.1 99.9 171.9 49.1 8535 97.4 145.2 147.1 10 0 0 4533.9 2521.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for information of the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 180 µg/m³ (information threshold))
3 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for alerting the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 240 µg/m³ (alert threshold))
4 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
5 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
Table 10: Key concentration values for ozone in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 51.5 19
Suburban Background 49.6 3
Urban Background 49.1 12
Roadside 45.5 8
Industrial 47.4 1
Table 11: Summary table for ozone in 2022 (in μg/m3)

None of the sites surpass the current target value of 25 or the future threshold of 18 times exceedance days per calendar year, averaged over 3 years (see the table below).

Number of exceedance days for O3
2020 2021 2022 average_3y1
Rural Background

NL10107

 22 10 19 17

NL10131

 20 9 14 14

NL10230

 22 6 18 15

NL10235

 21 6 - 14

NL10301

 18 8 13 13

NL10318

 15 6 13 11

NL10437

 15 6 14 12

NL10444

 19 10 15 15

NL10538

 11 3 12 9

NL10617

 11 5 7 8

NL10633

 13 8 12 11

NL10644

 16 7 13 12

NL10722

 17 7 17 14

NL10738

 12 9 19 13

NL10807

 12 8 8 9

NL10818

 13 9 10 11

NL10918

 10 6 8 8

NL10929

 11 9 12 11

NL10934

 7 3 - 5
Suburban Background

NL10133

 15 3 14 11

NL10247

 26 10 12 16

NL10938

 9 5 5 6
Urban Background

NL01485

 14 5 7 9

NL01494

 10 3 8 7

NL01495

 12 5 10 9

NL10138

 26 6 19 17

NL10241

 20 7 - 14

NL10404

 14 9 13 12

NL10418

 16 6 12 11

NL10442

 21 7 17 15

NL10446

 15 5 14 11

NL10643

 13 6 15 11

NL10742

 16 9 14 13

NL49003

 7 2 12 7

NL49014

 13 7 12 11
Roadside

NL01489

 13 2 - 8

NL01493

 8 2 - 5

NL10236

 17 9 12 13

NL10449

 12 3 8 8

NL10550

 11 2 11 8

NL10636

 13 3 11 9

NL10639

 12 4 10 9

NL10641

 8 4 11 8

NL49012

 6 2 5 4
Industrial

NL01496

 15 2 10 9
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 12: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2020, 2021 and 2022

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Maximum daily 8-hour means of carbon monoxide concentrations measured on three sites in Amsterdam did not surpass the limit value of 10000 µg/m³ on any day in 2022.

Key statistics for CO in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Urban Background

NL49014

 243.3 233.2 459.2 1111.6 233.2 8710 99.4 500.2 668.1 0
Roadside

NL49007

 340.2 308.5 725.9 1722.4 308.5 8596 98.1 816.3 1188.0 0

NL49012

 311.0 285.0 626.0 1088.5 285.0 8694 99.2 672.8 768.4 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 13: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Urban Background 243.3 1
Roadside 325.6 2
Table 14: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2022
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL01437

 0.6 0.4 2.3 6.5 0.4 8754 99.9 3.6 5.0

NL10131

 0.6 0.4 2.1 7.7 0.4 8729 99.6 3.4 3.9

NL10444

 0.5 0.3 2.1 8.4 0.3 8740 99.8 3.1 3.4

NL10633

 0.4 0.3 1.8 5.0 0.3 8623 98.4 3.4 4.5

NL10644

 0.6 0.4 2.5 7.9 0.4 8682 99.1 4.1 5.6

NL10807

 0.5 0.3 1.8 4.0 0.3 8744 99.8 2.8 3.2

NL10929

 0.5 0.3 2.2 13.0 0.3 8734 99.7 3.3 5.0
Urban Background

NL01488

 0.7 0.5 2.6 9.0 0.5 8729 99.6 4.5 6.8

NL01494

 0.9 0.6 3.9 10.9 0.6 7817 89.2 5.8 7.5

NL10138

 0.7 0.4 3.4 9.9 0.4 8636 98.6 5.6 8.4

NL10247

 0.8 0.5 3.1 10.8 0.5 8718 99.5 6.5 8.1

NL10742

 0.7 0.5 2.5 7.4 0.5 8275 94.5 4.3 5.1

NL10821

 0.6 0.4 2.6 9.6 0.4 8748 99.9 4.1 6.7

NL10938

 0.4 0.3 1.8 10.2 0.3 8751 99.9 10.1 7.2

NL49003

 0.6 0.5 2.3 8.0 0.5 8747 99.9 4.0 4.2

NL49014

 0.6 0.5 2.0 6.1 0.5 8679 99.1 4.7 4.1

NL49701

 0.7 0.4 2.5 7.2 0.4 8693 99.2 3.6 5.0
Roadside

NL01487

 1.2 1.0 3.9 10.5 1.0 8718 99.5 5.9 9.0

NL01491

 0.9 0.7 3.4 10.7 0.7 8662 98.9 5.7 7.7

NL01493

 1.4 1.1 4.9 11.1 1.1 8609 98.3 6.7 9.2

NL10237

 1.1 0.8 3.6 9.1 0.8 8749 99.9 6.2 7.2

NL10641

 0.8 0.6 2.4 26.0 0.6 8672 99.0 4.0 5.0

NL10741

 1.1 0.9 3.5 9.2 0.9 8641 98.6 5.8 6.0

NL49007

 1.1 0.8 3.5 7.7 0.8 8640 98.6 4.5 5.0

NL49012

 0.8 0.6 2.5 7.8 0.6 8609 98.3 4.3 3.8

NL49017

 0.9 0.8 2.7 8.1 0.8 8690 99.2 4.6 4.4

NL49020

 1.0 0.8 3.1 7.6 0.8 8738 99.7 5.3 5.4
Industrial

NL01496

 0.8 0.6 3.0 7.3 0.6 8596 98.1 3.9 5.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 15: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.5 7
Urban Background 0.6 9
Roadside 1.0 10
Industrial 0.8 1
Table 16: Summary table for black carbon in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

All of the measured annual benzene concentrations were in compliance with the European limit values and also below the WHO AQG of 1.7 µg/m³.

Key statistics for benzene in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 0.3 0.2 1.0 3.7 0.2 350 95.9
Urban Background

NL01485

 0.5 0.4 1.4 2.7 0.4 249 68.2

NL01494

 1.2 1.1 2.4 3.8 1.1 267 73.2

NL01495

 1.2 0.8 4.5 6.0 0.8 358 98.1
Roadside

NL49017

 0.5 0.4 1.2 2.1 0.4 351 96.2
Industrial

NL01484

 0.9 0.6 3.7 23.2 0.6 353 96.7

NL01496

 0.3 0.3 1.2 2.8 0.3 358 98.1

NL49557

 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.4 0.1 287 78.6

NL49704

 0.4 0.3 1.7 6.7 0.3 353 96.7
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 17: Key concentration values for benzene in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.3 1
Urban Background 1.2 1
Roadside 0.5 1
Industrial 0.6 3
Table 18: Summary table for benzene in 2022 (in μg/m3)

For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for toluene in 2022
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 0.7 0.5 2.5 9.0 0.5 350 95.9
Urban Background

NL01485

 5.5 4.9 14.3 24.5 4.9 250 68.5

NL01494

 7.1 6.5 15.8 23.9 6.5 256 70.1

NL01495

 6.1 4.7 18.1 24.0 4.7 358 98.1
Roadside

NL49017

 1.4 1.2 4.2 9.1 1.2 351 96.2
Industrial

NL01484

 1.9 1.2 10.3 17.3 1.2 353 96.7

NL01496

 0.5 0.4 1.9 6.1 0.4 358 98.1

NL49557

 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.3 0.2 287 78.6

NL49704

 1.1 0.6 4.4 7.6 0.6 353 96.7
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 19: Key concentration values for toluene in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.7 1
Urban Background 6.1 1
Roadside 1.4 1
Industrial 1.2 3
Table 20: Summary table for toluene in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling. All of the annual mean concentrations comply with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for Pb in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 3.7 2.9 12.0 18.4 2.9 177 48.5 PM10

NL10644

 4.3 2.6 13.3 25.4 2.6 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for lead in 2022 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.4 0.3 1.3 2.0 0.3 174 47.7 PM10

NL10644

 0.4 0.3 1.2 1.7 0.3 83 22.7 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2022 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 177 48.5 PM10

NL10644

 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2022 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.8 0.6 1.8 13.1 0.6 177 48.5 PM10

NL10644

 0.6 0.5 2.5 4.0 0.5 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 24: Key concentration values for nickel in 2022 (in ng/m3)

The annual means in the table below are based on solely PM10 filter sampling to conform with EU standards.

Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2022
component mean n
As 0.4 1
Cd 0.1 1
Ni 0.8 1
Pb 3.7 1
Table 25: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel on PM10 filters in 2022 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2022 are given in the following table. The annual means were in compliance with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL10444

 0.04 0.01 0.17 0.44 0.01 177 48.5
Urban Background

NL10418

 0.06 0.03 0.41 0.85 0.03 183 50.1
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 26: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2022 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene sampling L224/analysis N/A year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L026 is the analytical laboratory of TNO
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 27: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)