RIVM logo

 

Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2022

RIVM Annual report
Version 1

Rva logo

Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

July 28, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2022 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. For information on the used monitoring instruments and sampling practices, see the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, please consult the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2022, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

In 2022, the nitrogen dioxide concentrations at all measurement locations were in compliance with the higher limit value applicable at the time. A more stringent limit value for nitrogen dioxide of 20 μg/m3 will enter into effect in 2030. Most monitoring stations near busy roads, for example in and around Amsterdam and Rotterdam, currently do not meet this limit value. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 200 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard. Only 8 sites meet the WHO guideline of a maximum annual average of 10 μg/m3.

Key statistics for NO2 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL01497 18.5 12.0 73.5 159.5 12.0 8637 98.6 0 94.7 113.7
NL10107 12.3 10.0 34.7 79.4 10.0 8709 99.4 0 41.3 49.0
NL10131 13.5 10.7 40.6 81.4 10.7 8618 98.4 0 46.7 53.5
NL10133 9.9 8.1 29.8 55.0 8.1 8620 98.4 0 40.5 45.6
NL10230 13.7 10.6 42.0 84.7 10.6 8676 99.0 0 47.9 61.1
NL10235 13.9 11.4 43.3 67.2 11.4 8612 98.3 0 49.4 56.6
NL10246 13.9 10.7 45.0 93.4 10.7 8695 99.3 0 53.7 81.6
NL10248 4.6 4.2 10.2 12.2 4.2 91 1.0 0 6.7 8.3
NL10301 12.5 8.9 47.0 94.7 8.9 8625 98.5 0 58.5 82.1
NL10318 13.0 9.0 47.0 98.2 9.0 8593 98.1 0 53.2 82.1
NL10437 14.9 11.2 47.9 84.2 11.2 8687 99.2 0 52.7 71.5
NL10444 12.2 9.2 45.3 66.7 9.2 8701 99.3 0 49.0 57.6
NL10538 10.8 6.7 48.0 164.8 6.7 8567 97.8 0 164.8 69.2
NL10617 9.5 7.5 33.9 56.3 7.5 8612 98.3 0 50.8 54.5
NL10633 11.5 8.9 39.8 64.9 8.9 8705 99.4 0 46.6 53.0
NL10644 12.9 9.9 40.7 60.0 9.9 8567 97.8 0 46.7 55.8
NL10722 10.9 8.9 36.6 74.4 8.9 8621 98.4 0 42.1 52.3
NL10738 11.0 8.8 36.0 56.2 8.8 8725 99.6 0 46.7 54.7
NL10807 9.1 7.5 30.6 52.7 7.5 8714 99.5 0 46.0 50.1
NL10818 8.5 6.6 31.7 58.6 6.6 8237 94.0 0 50.6 56.0
NL10918 7.2 5.3 28.4 62.0 5.3 8701 99.3 0 37.8 54.8
NL10929 8.3 6.6 27.5 53.9 6.6 8726 99.6 0 43.1 50.1
NL10934 6.8 5.4 26.0 53.1 5.4 8233 94.0 0 37.7 42.8
NL49703 16.5 12.6 54.9 82.0 12.6 8719 99.5 0 58.7 63.5
Urban Background
NL01485 21.9 17.6 62.8 115.9 17.6 8705 99.4 0 72.2 100.3
NL01488 19.9 14.9 61.3 102.0 14.9 8669 99.0 0 55.5 80.0
NL01494 26.3 21.6 73.5 146.1 21.6 8741 99.8 0 77.0 132.6
NL01495 25.5 21.8 68.2 125.7 21.8 8729 99.6 0 79.2 103.0
NL01912 21.2 17.5 58.5 97.8 17.5 8743 99.8 0 61.1 75.8
NL10138 12.5 9.5 41.1 67.6 9.5 8622 98.4 0 40.1 53.4
NL10241 21.1 17.5 54.4 81.8 17.6 3644 41.6 0 79.2 72.8
NL10247 13.1 10.2 41.7 77.0 10.2 8688 99.2 0 47.5 54.6
NL10404 19.4 14.1 66.4 107.7 14.1 8693 99.2 0 69.2 86.7
NL10418 23.9 20.2 61.8 96.1 20.2 8712 99.5 0 64.1 80.3
NL10442 17.1 13.5 52.0 124.4 13.5 8684 99.1 0 58.2 69.1
NL10446 20.7 16.3 63.0 102.1 16.3 8609 98.3 0 63.1 73.1
NL10643 15.1 11.8 47.8 81.8 11.9 8724 99.6 0 58.6 64.0
NL10742 16.1 13.0 48.1 95.9 13.0 8698 99.3 0 56.3 79.8
NL10938 8.2 6.3 29.5 58.0 6.3 8478 96.8 0 41.7 51.1
NL49003 15.4 11.6 54.0 88.6 11.6 8687 99.2 0 62.8 73.8
NL49014 17.0 13.6 50.7 74.7 13.6 8732 99.7 0 56.6 66.0
NL49019 21.1 16.9 60.8 146.1 16.9 8592 98.1 0 72.1 81.2
NL49021 14.6 11.5 46.6 67.8 11.5 8737 99.7 0 56.8 59.4
NL49022 16.9 12.9 55.4 91.9 12.9 8748 99.9 0 59.4 79.0
NL49701 17.5 12.2 60.3 94.9 12.2 8699 99.3 0 61.4 73.7
Roadside
NL01487 31.3 27.9 74.9 121.1 27.9 8740 99.8 0 71.1 92.8
NL01489 24.7 21.6 63.6 100.8 21.6 8735 99.7 0 65.9 79.3
NL01491 26.6 23.1 69.9 114.4 23.1 8632 98.5 0 68.0 85.4
NL01493 31.6 28.1 74.5 130.3 28.1 8728 99.6 0 74.7 94.0
NL10136 20.0 16.8 57.2 103.3 16.8 8720 99.5 0 53.3 76.0
NL10236 17.5 14.4 49.1 95.4 14.4 8614 98.3 0 57.2 79.0
NL10237 20.4 17.4 52.7 96.1 17.4 8625 98.5 0 58.7 78.2
NL10240 23.3 19.9 61.2 108.2 19.9 8683 99.1 0 67.8 82.8
NL10445 24.7 20.2 69.5 115.4 20.2 8595 98.1 0 78.2 99.5
NL10449 28.2 24.1 71.4 118.9 24.1 8523 97.3 0 67.9 90.2
NL10450 34.4 32.4 74.6 113.8 32.4 2136 24.4 0 78.8 98.8
NL10550 19.0 15.3 55.3 86.0 15.3 8495 97.0 0 51.7 62.2
NL10636 18.3 15.0 51.8 76.5 15.0 8641 98.6 0 62.2 68.5
NL10639 20.8 17.0 56.9 90.9 17.0 8652 98.8 0 60.5 71.6
NL10641 19.6 17.0 51.8 81.5 17.0 8651 98.8 0 59.0 63.2
NL10741 24.1 21.0 62.3 165.7 21.0 8624 98.4 0 78.9 121.9
NL10937 17.6 15.1 48.1 100.1 15.1 8655 98.8 0 47.7 62.9
NL49002 33.1 30.2 77.7 144.7 30.2 8677 99.1 0 78.9 95.0
NL49007 34.4 30.8 80.7 113.9 30.8 8570 97.8 0 82.5 100.7
NL49012 27.0 22.7 70.8 327.8 22.7 8674 99.0 1 75.7 91.5
NL49017 26.1 22.7 63.8 94.8 22.7 8695 99.3 0 76.6 82.9
NL49020 29.0 25.1 72.2 118.9 25.1 8703 99.3 0 80.2 93.0
Industrial
NL01496 25.0 21.0 77.2 134.5 21.0 8705 99.4 0 82.6 102.7
NL01913 18.0 14.0 58.2 159.5 14.0 8728 99.6 0 64.1 82.0
NL49704 23.2 18.4 69.8 161.1 18.4 8695 99.3 0 66.9 110.8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 11.79 23
Urban Background 18.16 20
Roadside 24.64 21
Industrial 22.08 3
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Concentrations of particulate matter in 2022 were in compliance with the European limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 applicable at that time. The majority of sites also meet the revised limit values from the EU directive, but most do not meet the WHO air quality guidelines.

Key statistics for PM10 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_50_d2
Rural Background
NL01497 21.2 18.7 57.4 304.9 18.7 8462 96.6 153.2 153.7 6
NL10131 18.8 17.2 56.9 219.5 17.2 8665 98.9 77.8 105.9 5
NL10133 16.2 14.7 45.4 118.3 14.7 8608 98.3 86.3 62.8 0
NL10230 18.2 15.9 56.9 289.9 15.9 8628 98.5 65.9 99.8 5
NL10235 16.5 14.7 46.7 147.8 14.7 8698 99.3 60.8 66.5 1
NL10246 16.5 14.7 51.8 147.8 14.7 8283 94.6 88.9 73.7 4
NL10248 8.1 8.0 21.0 22.0 8.0 100 1.1 16.0 17.6 0
NL10318 17.7 15.9 55.6 160.6 15.9 8685 99.1 65.0 78.3 5
NL10437 15.9 14.7 48.0 150.3 14.7 8406 96.0 88.9 72.4 2
NL10444 15.7 13.4 45.4 143.9 14.0 8700 99.3 54.1 63.6 1
NL10538 14.8 13.4 45.4 136.3 13.4 8484 96.8 71.9 90.3 3
NL10617 14.0 12.1 45.4 289.9 12.1 8568 97.8 88.6 145.6 1
NL10633 14.6 13.4 46.7 190.0 13.4 8530 97.4 82.5 71.3 2
NL10644 15.3 14.7 46.7 145.2 14.7 8637 98.6 105.6 62.0 0
NL10722 14.4 13.4 42.8 96.6 13.4 8711 99.4 54.1 67.5 1
NL10738 18.2 15.9 53.1 250.2 15.9 8504 97.1 74.4 75.5 4
NL10807 15.7 13.4 46.7 254.0 13.4 8425 96.2 72.0 69.9 1
NL10818 15.1 13.4 45.4 167.0 13.4 7933 90.6 57.1 85.2 1
NL10918 13.8 12.1 45.4 124.8 12.1 8507 97.1 60.8 80.3 3
NL10929 13.3 12.1 42.8 312.9 12.1 8672 99.0 51.5 78.2 0
NL10934 16.3 14.7 51.8 155.5 14.7 8165 93.2 64.6 100.3 2
NL49703 15.9 13.4 41.6 327.4 13.4 8468 96.7 70.1 64.0 2
Urban Background
NL01485 17.7 15.3 44.8 128.8 15.3 8728 99.6 63.3 68.7 3
NL01488 18.6 16.1 45.4 115.2 16.1 8755 99.9 115.2 68.1 3
NL01494 19.4 16.6 49.9 370.6 16.6 8717 99.5 80.5 91.5 3
NL01495 18.8 15.8 50.3 88.2 15.8 8752 99.9 69.6 77.2 5
NL01912 17.5 14.9 43.6 84.6 14.9 8750 99.9 83.9 67.3 3
NL10138 17.1 15.9 48.0 259.1 15.9 8591 98.1 259.1 78.3 2
NL10241 24.0 21.1 68.4 524.1 21.1 3363 38.4 524.1 118.8 2
NL10247 18.3 17.2 53.1 283.5 17.2 8689 99.2 112.0 80.6 6
NL10404 20.0 18.5 56.9 453.7 18.5 8594 98.1 453.7 150.3 4
NL10418 20.4 18.5 54.4 204.1 18.5 8633 98.6 132.4 77.2 3
NL10442 16.9 15.9 46.7 220.8 15.9 8737 99.7 220.8 75.5 2
NL10446 16.9 15.9 49.2 855.6 15.9 8709 99.4 855.6 184.5 3
NL49014 16.9 14.8 43.8 168.2 14.8 8584 98.0 168.2 83.6 3
NL49016 16.4 14.6 41.4 119.5 14.6 8682 99.1 84.9 81.8 2
NL49701 15.9 13.6 41.2 90.2 13.6 8687 99.2 70.4 66.6 2
Roadside
NL01487 18.4 16.1 46.2 117.0 16.1 8722 99.6 117.0 68.4 3
NL01489 19.5 15.5 51.6 622.3 15.5 8669 99.0 147.6 322.5 6
NL01491 18.1 15.8 43.8 81.4 15.8 8723 99.6 73.9 66.3 3
NL01493 19.2 16.7 47.1 98.0 16.7 8750 99.9 64.2 72.0 3
NL10136 18.6 17.2 50.5 129.9 17.2 8716 99.5 65.2 72.8 5
NL10236 18.0 17.2 50.5 216.9 17.2 8558 97.7 216.9 74.7 5
NL10237 19.7 18.5 50.5 223.3 18.5 8555 97.7 223.3 75.8 3
NL10240 18.8 17.2 54.4 201.6 17.2 8317 94.9 200.3 86.1 3
NL10445 20.9 19.8 54.4 539.5 19.8 8698 99.3 539.5 148.0 3
NL10449 20.0 18.5 54.4 850.5 18.5 8682 99.1 328.3 170.7 5
NL10450 23.1 21.1 53.1 108.1 21.1 2110 24.1 52.4 71.3 1
NL10550 20.9 18.5 59.5 369.2 18.5 8717 99.5 72.5 129.1 5
NL10636 16.7 14.7 45.4 268.1 14.7 8736 99.7 268.1 89.8 0
NL10639 17.5 15.9 50.5 275.8 15.9 8491 96.9 275.8 96.0 1
NL10641 15.8 14.7 46.7 252.8 14.7 8646 98.7 83.8 62.2 1
NL10741 19.9 18.5 53.1 236.1 18.5 8616 98.4 236.1 80.8 4
NL10937 19.1 17.2 53.1 135.0 17.2 8682 99.1 135.0 108.4 4
NL49007 19.4 17.0 49.8 275.6 17.0 8434 96.3 101.6 90.1 5
NL49012 19.4 17.6 44.0 172.3 17.6 8659 98.8 157.2 98.3 4
NL49017 18.5 16.5 48.5 157.6 16.6 8656 98.8 157.6 81.4 4
NL49020 19.4 17.5 46.1 345.6 17.5 8646 98.7 345.6 123.5 3
Industrial
NL01496 18.4 15.8 47.9 178.4 15.8 8704 99.4 68.8 73.2 3
NL01913 21.3 17.0 61.3 233.2 17.0 8753 99.9 139.0 138.3 9
NL49557 22.8 20.2 59.1 190.8 20.2 8502 97.1 61.5 86.2 3
NL49704 16.7 13.3 48.1 685.3 13.3 8717 99.5 60.5 125.3 6
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³ - Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 16.10 21
Urban Background 17.92 14
Roadside 18.88 20
Industrial 19.78 4
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL10131 10.4 8.1 33.0 62.6 8.1 8516 97.2 47.0 52.7
NL10230 10.1 7.8 34.7 65.9 7.8 8090 92.4 43.3 50.0
NL10248 5.2 4.9 12.1 12.8 4.9 63 0.7 6.6 10.2
NL10444 9.3 7.3 32.7 66.1 7.4 8566 97.8 41.6 49.4
NL10538 8.1 5.8 33.5 81.5 5.8 8436 96.3 46.8 70.1
NL10644 8.2 5.9 32.8 67.0 5.9 8409 96.0 67.0 48.1
NL10738 8.8 6.5 32.5 87.2 6.5 8274 94.5 42.0 47.8
NL10934 7.2 4.8 32.4 117.2 4.8 7797 89.0 39.3 89.4
NL49703 8.8 6.5 31.7 66.5 6.5 8565 97.8 66.5 53.5
Urban Background
NL01485 9.2 6.4 33.6 64.9 6.4 8728 99.6 53.2 55.2
NL01488 10.1 7.2 35.6 99.6 7.2 8754 99.9 99.6 56.1
NL01494 10.0 7.1 36.3 71.1 7.1 8718 99.5 66.8 61.5
NL01495 9.3 6.6 34.7 64.6 6.6 8752 99.9 45.7 55.0
NL01912 9.6 6.7 34.5 70.6 6.7 8751 99.9 69.9 54.4
NL10138 7.6 5.5 29.1 128.3 5.5 8426 96.2 128.3 47.2
NL10241 9.2 6.2 35.6 288.9 6.2 3442 39.3 288.9 61.4
NL10247 10.6 8.7 35.2 76.5 8.7 8440 96.3 76.5 59.4
NL10404 7.4 4.9 32.3 285.2 4.9 8318 95.0 285.2 93.2
NL10418 8.9 6.5 31.4 77.5 6.5 8661 98.9 77.5 50.6
NL10643 10.4 8.2 33.3 84.0 8.2 8616 98.4 84.0 50.4
NL10742 10.0 7.8 33.2 169.8 7.8 8623 98.4 169.8 58.0
NL10821 7.4 4.9 32.7 186.1 4.9 8424 96.2 186.1 67.8
NL10938 8.2 6.1 32.9 138.0 6.1 8590 98.1 92.6 92.5
NL49014 9.7 7.6 32.0 158.0 7.6 8300 94.7 158.0 70.8
NL49016 8.4 6.4 31.0 106.4 6.4 8669 99.0 72.3 64.4
NL49701 9.2 6.8 32.1 78.0 6.8 8708 99.4 56.0 54.6
Roadside
NL01487 10.1 7.2 35.3 99.4 7.2 8722 99.6 99.4 54.8
NL01489 9.4 6.6 33.8 85.4 6.6 8669 99.0 54.0 52.5
NL01491 9.6 6.8 33.9 64.8 6.8 8723 99.6 61.4 54.5
NL10136 9.3 7.0 32.1 81.0 7.0 8460 96.6 37.9 47.4
NL10240 10.6 8.2 34.9 124.9 8.2 8403 95.9 124.9 55.3
NL10448 9.7 7.5 32.7 70.5 7.5 8215 93.8 70.5 53.1
NL10449 10.5 8.3 35.5 455.5 8.3 8579 97.9 142.4 86.9
NL10450 10.5 7.8 33.5 50.2 7.8 1732 19.8 37.4 45.3
NL10636 11.2 9.0 33.4 162.0 9.0 8578 97.9 162.0 56.1
NL10641 8.5 6.2 32.0 72.0 6.2 8569 97.8 53.4 49.0
NL10741 9.7 7.5 32.8 133.8 7.5 8573 97.9 133.8 58.0
NL10937 8.0 5.9 31.8 83.8 5.9 8591 98.1 68.2 75.4
NL49007 9.6 7.6 33.6 102.3 7.6 8561 97.7 84.3 62.0
NL49012 10.9 8.6 35.1 124.5 8.6 8672 99.0 124.5 73.2
NL49017 10.5 8.5 32.6 116.0 8.5 8671 99.0 116.0 62.0
Industrial
NL01496 9.9 7.1 37.2 68.9 7.1 8704 99.4 55.2 59.9
NL01913 11.3 7.8 40.8 172.0 7.8 8753 99.9 119.4 139.4
NL49557 12.7 9.7 42.3 84.4 9.7 8562 97.7 50.9 71.8
NL49704 10.3 7.9 34.1 71.7 7.9 8559 97.7 42.7 60.8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 9.10 7
Urban Background 9.12 16
Roadside 9.82 14
Industrial 11.06 4
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Statistics to determine the AEI for PM2.5
2020 2021 2022 average_3y
Urban Background
NL01494 9.7 11.6 10.0 10.5
NL10138 7.2 7.7 7.5 7.5
NL10241 7.6 7.7 - 7.6
NL10247 9.9 11.3 10.6 10.6
NL10404 7.1 6.7 7.4 7.1
NL10418 8.4 8.4 8.9 8.6
NL10643 9.0 10.9 10.4 10.1
NL10742 9.8 10.8 10.0 10.2
NL10821 7.6 7.8 7.4 7.6
NL10938 6.9 7.7 8.2 7.6
NL49014 9.6 9.8 9.6 9.7
NL49701 9.9 10.2 9.2 9.8
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
Table 7: Annual means for PM2.5 (in μg/m3) on selected urban background sites and the 3-year average to determine the Average Exposure Indicator (AEI)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2022 is 8.9 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Yearly averaged sulphur dioxide concentrations are all well below the limit value of 20 µg/m³. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 350 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard.

Key statistics for SO2 in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background
NL10133 0.6 0.3 3.6 11.7 0.3 8557 97.7 0 4.4 6.6 0 0.3
NL10318 0.8 0.4 4.9 32.3 0.4 8473 96.7 0 4.8 12.4 0 0.5
NL10444 0.6 0.3 3.0 21.6 0.3 8565 97.8 0 3.8 7.7 0 0.5
NL10644 0.6 0.4 2.8 10.3 0.4 8592 98.1 0 3.0 7.1 0 0.5
NL10722 0.6 0.3 3.9 23.8 0.3 8540 97.5 0 6.3 11.3 0 0.5
NL10934 0.2 0.1 1.3 4.3 0.1 8041 91.8 0 1.6 3.1 0 0.2
Urban Background
NL01485 1.4 0.7 7.9 86.8 0.7 8696 99.3 0 13.9 35.3 0 1.1
NL49016 0.7 0.6 2.9 23.9 0.6 8709 99.4 0 3.7 5.7 0 0.5
Industrial
NL01484 3.2 1.7 19.8 321.3 1.7 8709 99.4 0 26.3 63.2 0 3.6
NL01496 1.3 0.8 6.9 30.2 0.8 8696 99.3 0 7.3 14.9 0 1.4
NL49704 1.1 0.7 5.3 23.3 0.7 8722 99.6 0 5.6 10.9 0 1.1
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2022 to 31 March 2023)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 8: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.56 6
Urban Background 1.05 2
Industrial 1.87 3
Table 9: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. In 2022, this occurred more than 18 times at three out of 45 stations. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over 3 years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. Both target values have been met, see Table 12.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2022 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2022
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 aot402 somo353
Rural Background
NL10107 48.6 47.4 121.0 183.6 47.4 8649 98.7 128.2 162.2 19 13385.0 4169.5
NL10131 49.1 47.6 116.2 188.5 47.6 8565 97.8 126.0 167.5 14 10885.3 4016.8
NL10230 50.5 49.9 118.2 199.8 49.9 8609 98.3 127.5 172.6 18 11201.4 4335.5
NL10235 45.0 44.7 115.2 184.5 44.7 8013 91.5 126.5 164.8 13 7024.9 3084.1
NL10301 53.8 54.9 108.7 212.6 54.9 8589 98.0 127.3 169.8 13 7140.4 3145.2
NL10318 51.2 51.5 114.1 166.3 51.5 8593 98.1 117.0 153.8 13 8407.8 3576.1
NL10437 49.8 50.7 111.4 193.0 50.7 8522 97.3 131.0 173.8 14 8054.7 3237.2
NL10444 56.7 59.8 111.1 216.1 59.8 8641 98.6 145.8 192.8 15 8893.0 4279.2
NL10538 57.1 59.2 106.0 204.3 59.2 8495 97.0 134.8 183.6 12 7117.3 3528.6
NL10617 50.8 51.4 102.6 191.3 51.4 8606 98.2 124.0 175.1 7 5149.6 2476.2
NL10633 48.9 49.0 107.4 200.4 49.0 8595 98.1 131.2 178.0 12 6763.7 2707.2
NL10644 48.1 48.2 111.9 208.6 48.2 8547 97.6 139.9 192.8 13 8175.7 3017.0
NL10722 49.8 48.4 119.0 226.2 48.4 8521 97.3 148.7 203.6 17 11316.1 4094.1
NL10738 52.6 52.8 119.0 204.2 52.8 8590 98.1 129.6 186.9 19 11303.4 4624.7
NL10807 49.9 49.6 106.2 207.5 49.6 8610 98.3 130.9 174.8 8 6786.8 2989.2
NL10818 53.4 54.0 108.3 204.9 54.0 8195 93.6 129.0 177.7 10 7195.4 3350.7
NL10918 55.3 56.0 104.4 194.2 56.0 8628 98.5 128.3 171.4 8 6316.1 2958.7
NL10929 52.0 52.2 111.4 200.5 52.2 8487 96.9 133.5 184.3 12 8248.7 3546.5
NL10934 55.2 55.9 102.0 186.3 55.9 8103 92.5 122.5 168.4 6 4853.9 3045.2
Urban Background
NL01485 45.3 46.7 102.7 186.7 46.7 8633 98.6 125.6 164.3 7 4668.7 2323.4
NL01494 42.2 42.7 99.8 195.5 42.7 8738 99.7 114.0 170.2 8 4545.2 1988.8
NL01495 43.1 42.9 99.9 196.7 42.9 8743 99.8 122.9 171.6 10 4404.0 2113.0
NL101334 47.8 47.7 115.1 170.0 47.7 8564 97.8 156.2 147.9 14 10029.4 3900.7
NL10138 53.4 53.7 122.6 171.8 53.7 8507 97.1 125.1 152.1 19 13442.9 5041.1
NL10241 34.2 35.8 74.8 88.9 35.8 3649 41.7 76.8 83.3 0 0.0 168.5
NL102474 49.0 48.5 113.8 182.1 48.5 8641 98.6 131.8 172.9 12 7663.2 3630.0
NL10404 53.5 56.8 108.3 210.4 56.8 8524 97.3 144.8 194.1 13 7213.2 3447.4
NL10418 48.3 48.9 110.3 196.4 48.9 8500 97.0 139.2 182.5 12 7148.0 3013.2
NL10442 48.0 48.3 117.5 211.4 48.3 8635 98.6 144.5 193.4 17 10231.5 3378.7
NL10446 50.3 52.7 111.9 209.1 52.7 8614 98.3 209.1 195.3 14 8062.2 3608.8
NL10643 51.1 51.3 113.5 206.8 51.3 8632 98.5 140.7 187.5 15 8827.3 3628.7
NL10742 51.2 50.7 114.9 191.9 50.7 8621 98.4 134.1 172.4 14 9638.0 3796.4
NL109384 52.0 53.0 102.5 194.1 53.0 8585 98.0 121.4 169.8 5 5172.6 2618.0
NL49003 53.0 54.3 110.5 196.2 54.3 8668 99.0 140.1 180.0 12 7730.2 3542.3
NL49014 50.1 51.2 108.4 207.2 51.2 8678 99.1 143.3 192.3 12 7201.1 3307.6
Roadside
NL01493 37.9 38.7 89.7 169.5 38.7 8097 92.4 109.2 147.8 4 2349.2 1090.6
NL10236 48.7 48.4 109.8 180.0 48.4 8482 96.8 126.4 164.3 12 7683.2 3256.7
NL10449 42.5 42.5 104.9 183.0 42.5 8620 98.4 180.3 159.2 8 5676.0 2364.6
NL10450 23.6 21.1 66.2 79.4 21.1 1983 22.6 67.2 69.7 0 0.0 0.0
NL10550 50.1 53.0 103.7 193.5 53.0 8575 97.9 136.4 175.6 11 5455.7 2647.4
NL10636 46.3 46.2 105.0 189.4 46.2 8587 98.0 127.6 171.7 11 5570.6 2746.6
NL10639 46.4 46.7 105.1 182.8 46.7 8568 97.8 121.7 166.1 10 5919.9 2655.9
NL10641 45.8 45.2 102.6 201.9 45.2 8574 97.9 133.7 175.6 11 5757.1 2536.8
NL49012 46.2 47.7 96.0 171.9 47.7 8728 99.6 114.1 147.3 5 3371.0 1758.9
Industrial
NL01496 47.4 49.1 99.9 171.9 49.1 8535 97.4 145.2 147.1 10 4533.9 2521.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
3 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
4 These sites are considered suburban background sites under the ozone directive
Table 10: Key concentration values for ozone in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 51.47 19
Urban Background 49.22 15
Roadside 45.47 8
Industrial 47.35 1
Table 11: Summary table for ozone in 2022 (in μg/m3)

None of the sites surpass the current target value of 25 or the future threshold of 18 times exceedance days per calendar year, averaged over 3 years (see the table below).

Number of exceedance days for O3
2020 2021 2022 average_3y1
Rural Background
NL10107 22 10 19 17
NL10131 20 9 14 14
NL10230 22 6 18 15
NL10235 21 6 - 14
NL10301 18 8 13 13
NL10318 15 6 13 11
NL10437 15 6 14 12
NL10444 19 10 15 15
NL10538 11 3 12 9
NL10617 11 5 7 8
NL10633 13 8 12 11
NL10644 16 7 13 12
NL10722 17 7 17 14
NL10738 12 9 19 13
NL10807 12 8 8 9
NL10818 13 9 10 11
NL10918 10 6 8 8
NL10929 11 9 12 11
NL10934 7 3 - 5
Urban Background
NL01485 14 5 7 9
NL01494 10 3 8 7
NL01495 12 5 10 9
NL10133 15 3 14 11
NL10138 26 6 19 17
NL10241 20 7 - 14
NL10247 26 10 12 16
NL10404 14 9 13 12
NL10418 16 6 12 11
NL10442 21 7 17 15
NL10446 15 5 14 11
NL10643 13 6 15 11
NL10742 16 9 14 13
NL10938 9 5 5 6
NL49003 7 2 12 7
NL49014 13 7 12 11
Roadside
NL01489 13 2 - 8
NL01493 8 2 - 5
NL10236 17 9 12 13
NL10449 12 3 8 8
NL10550 11 2 11 8
NL10636 13 3 11 9
NL10639 12 4 10 9
NL10641 8 4 11 8
NL49012 6 2 5 4
Industrial
NL01496 15 2 10 9
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 12: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2020, 2021 and 2022

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Maximum daily 8-hour means of carbon monoxide concentrations measured on three sites in Amsterdam did not surpass the limit value of 10000 µg/m³ on any day in 2022.

Key statistics for CO in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Urban Background
NL49014 243.3 233.2 459.2 1111.6 233.2 8710 99.4 500.2 668.1 0
Roadside
NL49007 340.2 308.5 725.9 1722.4 308.5 8596 98.1 816.3 1188.0 0
NL49012 311.0 285.0 626.0 1088.5 285.0 8694 99.2 672.8 768.4 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 13: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Urban Background 243.35 1
Roadside 325.61 2
Table 14: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2022
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL01437 0.6 0.4 2.3 6.5 0.4 8754 99.9 3.6 5.0
NL10131 0.6 0.4 2.1 7.7 0.4 8729 99.6 3.4 3.9
NL10444 0.5 0.3 2.1 8.4 0.3 8740 99.8 3.1 3.4
NL10633 0.4 0.3 1.8 5.0 0.3 8623 98.4 3.4 4.5
NL10644 0.6 0.4 2.5 7.9 0.4 8682 99.1 4.1 5.6
NL10807 0.5 0.3 1.8 4.0 0.3 8744 99.8 2.8 3.2
NL10929 0.5 0.3 2.2 13.0 0.3 8734 99.7 3.3 5.0
Urban Background
NL01488 0.7 0.5 2.6 9.0 0.5 8729 99.6 4.5 6.8
NL01494 0.9 0.6 3.9 10.9 0.6 7817 89.2 5.8 7.5
NL10138 0.7 0.4 3.4 9.9 0.4 8636 98.6 5.6 8.4
NL10247 0.8 0.5 3.1 10.8 0.5 8718 99.5 6.5 8.1
NL10742 0.7 0.5 2.5 7.4 0.5 8275 94.5 4.3 5.1
NL10821 0.6 0.4 2.6 9.6 0.4 8748 99.9 4.1 6.7
NL10938 0.4 0.3 1.8 10.2 0.3 8751 99.9 10.1 7.2
NL49003 0.6 0.5 2.3 8.0 0.5 8747 99.9 4.0 4.2
NL49014 0.6 0.5 2.0 6.1 0.5 8679 99.1 4.7 4.1
NL49701 0.7 0.4 2.5 7.2 0.4 8693 99.2 3.6 5.0
Roadside
NL01487 1.2 1.0 3.9 10.5 1.0 8718 99.5 5.9 9.0
NL01491 0.9 0.7 3.4 10.7 0.7 8662 98.9 5.7 7.7
NL01493 1.4 1.1 4.9 11.1 1.1 8609 98.3 6.7 9.2
NL10237 1.1 0.8 3.6 9.1 0.8 8749 99.9 6.2 7.2
NL10641 0.8 0.6 2.4 26.0 0.6 8672 99.0 4.0 5.0
NL10741 1.1 0.9 3.5 9.2 0.9 8641 98.6 5.8 6.0
NL49007 1.1 0.8 3.5 7.7 0.8 8640 98.6 4.5 5.0
NL49012 0.8 0.6 2.5 7.8 0.6 8609 98.3 4.3 3.8
NL49017 0.9 0.8 2.7 8.1 0.8 8690 99.2 4.6 4.4
NL49020 1.0 0.8 3.1 7.6 0.8 8738 99.7 5.3 5.4
Industrial
NL01496 0.8 0.6 3.0 7.3 0.6 8596 98.1 3.9 5.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 15: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.54 7
Urban Background 0.65 9
Roadside 1.03 10
Industrial 0.77 1
Table 16: Summary table for black carbon in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

All of the measured annual benzene concentrations were in compliance with the European limit values and also below the WHO AQG of 1.7 µg/m³. For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for benzene in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 0.33 0.24 1.02 3.66 0.24 350 95.89
Urban Background
NL01485 0.47 0.44 1.43 2.65 0.44 249 68.22
NL01494 1.24 1.14 2.42 3.79 1.14 267 73.15
NL01495 1.21 0.81 4.50 5.99 0.82 358 98.08
Roadside
NL49017 0.47 0.39 1.22 2.11 0.39 351 96.16
Industrial
NL01484 0.94 0.61 3.71 23.25 0.61 353 96.71
NL01496 0.34 0.25 1.18 2.77 0.25 358 98.08
NL49557 0.18 0.11 0.62 1.41 0.11 287 78.63
NL49704 0.43 0.27 1.68 6.72 0.27 353 96.71
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 17: Key concentration values for benzene in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.33 1
Urban Background 1.21 1
Roadside 0.47 1
Industrial 0.57 3
Table 18: Summary table for benzene in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for toluene in 2022
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 0.66 0.46 2.46 9.01 0.46 350 95.89
Urban Background
NL01485 5.45 4.86 14.27 24.49 4.87 250 68.49
NL01494 7.13 6.54 15.82 23.89 6.54 256 70.14
NL01495 6.06 4.74 18.15 24.02 4.74 358 98.08
Roadside
NL49017 1.39 1.17 4.21 9.07 1.17 351 96.16
Industrial
NL01484 1.90 1.18 10.34 17.26 1.18 353 96.71
NL01496 0.49 0.37 1.89 6.10 0.37 358 98.08
NL49557 0.25 0.18 1.00 1.31 0.18 287 78.63
NL49704 1.08 0.64 4.37 7.63 0.64 353 96.71
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 19: Key concentration values for toluene in 2022 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2022
type mean n
Rural Background 0.66 1
Urban Background 6.06 1
Roadside 1.39 1
Industrial 1.15 3
Table 20: Summary table for toluene in 2022 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling. All of the annual mean concentrations comply with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for Pb in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 3.7 2.9 12.0 18.4 2.9 177 48.5 PM10
NL10644 4.3 2.6 13.3 25.4 2.6 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for lead in 2022 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.4 0.3 1.3 2.0 0.3 174 47.7 PM10
NL10644 0.4 0.3 1.2 1.7 0.3 83 22.7 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2022 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 177 48.5 PM10
NL10644 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2022 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.8 0.6 1.8 13.1 0.6 177 48.5 PM10
NL10644 0.6 0.5 2.5 4.0 0.5 88 24.1 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 24: Key concentration values for nickel in 2022 (in ng/m3)
Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2022
component mean n
As 0.37 2
Cd 0.08 2
Ni 0.71 2
Pb 4.03 2
Table 25: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel in 2022 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2022 are given in the following table. The annual means were in compliance with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2022
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL10444 0.04 0.01 0.17 0.44 0.01 177 48.5
Urban Background
NL10418 0.07 0.03 0.41 0.85 0.03 183 50.1
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 26: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2022 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L026.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L026 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene L224 year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L026 is the analytical laboratory of TNO
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 27: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)