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Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2023

RIVM Annual report

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Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

December 19, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2023 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L086. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. When hovering over the site codes in this report’s tables, the Dutch site name and location along with the responsible monitoring network will show up. For more information on the monitoring sites (including coordinates), monitoring instruments, and sampling practices, please consult the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, see the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2023, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

Most numbers in this report have been rounded to one decimal place and where deemed logical, to 0 or 2 decimal places. However, for testing against the limit values, the rounding practices of the limit values in the relevant EU Directives have been taken into account, of which most are a whole number. Key statistics rounded to more decimal places than in this report are available on the RIVM public data catalog for air quality measurements, as well as the underlying hourly and daily data.

For some pollutants, relevant statistics are also plotted on an interactive map to provide a quick overview of the concentration distribution throughout the Netherlands and compliance with limit values, and to view specific stations more easily. Every dot represents an individual station and clicking on it will bring up a pop-up with the site code and name, the responsible network, the site type, the component, and the relevant value for that component. Please note that the colors do not necessarily match the colors in the tables of the key statistics. Instead, where possible, the same color categories have been used as the European Environment Agency (EEA) applies in their maps for easier comparison with European data. Only stations with at least 85% of valid data have been included in the maps.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

In 2023, the nitrogen dioxide concentrations at all measurement locations were in compliance with the higher limit value applicable at the time. A more stringent limit value for nitrogen dioxide of 20 μg/m3 will enter into effect in 2030. Most monitoring stations near busy roads, for example in and around Amsterdam and Rotterdam, currently do not meet this limit value. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 200 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard. A total of 15 sites meet the WHO guideline of a maximum annual average of 10 μg/m3.

Key statistics for NO2 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL01497

 14.4 9.0 62.1 163.0 9.0 8722 99.6 0 78.6 122.4

NL10107

 9.8 8.0 29.6 48.5 8.0 8720 99.5 0 32.5 38.3

NL10131

 10.8 8.4 35.1 74.8 8.4 8650 98.7 0 38.0 53.0

NL10133

 7.8 6.2 26.0 45.3 6.2 8705 99.4 0 32.6 43.0

NL10230

 11.1 8.4 34.7 382.8 8.4 8318 95.0 2 102.3 186.6

NL10235

 11.8 9.3 39.1 61.2 9.3 8617 98.4 0 48.9 51.0

NL10246

 11.6 9.1 38.0 73.3 9.1 8623 98.4 0 39.9 48.4

NL10248

 12.7 10.0 40.7 72.4 10.0 8728 99.6 0 44.7 59.7

NL10301

 10.2 7.6 39.1 68.7 7.6 8661 98.9 0 45.2 51.0

NL10318

 10.5 7.5 37.7 74.5 7.5 8718 99.5 0 42.2 50.4

NL10437

 11.1 8.4 37.8 61.9 8.4 8717 99.5 0 42.6 52.4

NL10444

 9.6 6.9 37.2 57.0 6.9 8673 99.0 0 46.0 52.3

NL10538

 9.1 5.7 38.8 137.2 5.7 8699 99.3 0 47.8 83.2

NL10617

 7.6 5.7 28.9 54.5 5.7 8398 95.9 0 34.7 44.0

NL10633

 9.5 7.1 35.1 63.1 7.1 8382 95.7 0 40.5 51.6

NL10644

 10.9 8.3 35.6 59.7 8.3 8653 98.8 0 41.1 49.3

NL10722

 9.2 7.5 29.4 51.0 7.5 8604 98.2 0 32.7 38.0

NL10738

 9.5 7.2 31.4 63.6 7.2 8571 97.8 0 38.9 47.6

NL10807

 8.2 6.5 26.8 49.3 6.5 8574 97.9 0 36.3 45.9

NL10818

 7.3 5.6 26.4 47.4 5.6 8616 98.4 0 32.7 43.2

NL10918

 5.9 4.3 23.7 50.7 4.3 8659 98.8 0 36.0 45.7

NL10929

 6.8 5.3 23.1 56.2 5.3 8600 98.2 0 25.9 35.5

NL10934

 5.1 4.0 18.8 40.0 4.0 8677 99.1 0 26.8 33.3

NL49703

 13.3 9.8 45.7 74.6 9.8 8747 99.9 0 54.4 63.8
Urban Background

NL01485

 18.1 14.7 54.8 130.0 14.7 8741 99.8 0 55.5 91.3

NL01488

 17.4 13.4 57.9 103.9 13.4 8740 99.8 0 61.3 79.3

NL01494

 22.4 18.1 62.7 128.3 18.1 8743 99.8 0 63.9 81.5

NL01495

 23.5 19.9 62.9 158.9 19.9 8726 99.6 0 89.3 101.5

NL01912

 17.0 13.3 49.8 78.1 13.3 8602 98.2 0 49.3 68.3

NL10138

 9.9 7.5 32.9 52.0 7.5 8539 97.5 0 36.1 48.7

NL10241

 14.0 11.1 45.2 71.9 11.1 8737 99.7 0 52.0 61.3

NL10247

 10.8 8.5 35.2 65.9 8.5 8631 98.5 0 41.2 52.7

NL10404

 15.0 10.8 53.8 89.2 10.8 8722 99.6 0 58.9 67.2

NL10418

 21.1 17.1 58.5 112.4 17.1 8657 98.8 0 62.8 84.0

NL10442

 14.3 11.2 45.5 84.4 11.2 8691 99.2 0 46.1 68.4

NL10446

 17.2 13.0 55.1 85.6 13.0 8727 99.6 0 54.7 75.3

NL10643

 12.8 9.9 41.4 67.0 9.9 8712 99.5 0 45.4 57.5

NL10742

 13.3 11.1 38.3 64.1 11.1 8709 99.4 0 44.2 55.3

NL10938

 6.6 5.0 24.0 48.1 5.0 8672 99.0 0 29.1 35.7

NL49003

 14.6 11.4 47.4 72.0 11.4 8711 99.4 0 52.1 59.7

NL49014

 14.8 11.8 47.3 89.5 11.8 8709 99.4 0 53.5 60.1

NL49019

 18.5 14.9 55.2 125.3 14.9 8709 99.4 0 59.1 79.2

NL49021

 12.4 9.6 41.6 65.6 9.6 8755 99.9 0 46.7 60.0

NL49022

 14.1 10.5 49.3 88.0 10.5 8537 97.5 0 56.4 69.2

NL49701

 15.5 10.8 53.1 80.8 10.8 8742 99.8 0 59.0 69.6
Roadside

NL01487

 27.1 23.8 68.4 135.6 23.9 8624 98.4 0 71.7 82.5

NL01489

 21.8 18.9 57.3 84.0 18.9 8681 99.1 0 58.2 68.2

NL01491

 23.4 19.9 63.0 106.5 19.9 8721 99.6 0 63.3 75.9

NL01493

 27.6 24.0 67.8 133.8 24.0 8574 97.9 0 64.8 90.2

NL10136

 15.4 13.0 45.9 75.8 13.0 8611 98.3 0 44.5 57.1

NL10236

 14.7 12.5 41.2 86.9 12.5 8683 99.1 0 50.6 61.9

NL10237

 17.3 14.8 46.2 85.0 14.8 8594 98.1 0 53.0 67.4

NL10240

 19.7 16.6 52.5 85.6 16.6 8689 99.2 0 58.1 67.0

NL10445

 20.9 17.1 60.0 107.4 17.1 8668 99.0 0 62.4 75.9

NL10449

 24.4 20.4 63.8 105.8 20.4 8674 99.0 0 60.1 76.2

NL10450

 25.8 22.2 67.4 111.4 22.2 8644 98.7 0 67.0 91.7

NL10550

 15.9 12.5 49.5 86.1 12.5 8592 98.1 0 51.5 60.7

NL10636

 15.5 12.5 46.4 81.9 12.5 8694 99.2 0 50.2 60.3

NL10639

 17.8 14.4 49.9 122.4 14.4 8700 99.3 0 56.4 61.4

NL10641

 16.6 14.0 45.9 86.0 14.0 8701 99.3 0 49.4 56.9

NL10741

 20.0 18.0 50.5 94.8 18.0 8715 99.5 0 48.1 60.8

NL10937

 15.6 13.3 42.1 71.8 13.3 8713 99.5 0 41.0 56.4

NL49002

 27.1 23.6 66.8 105.0 23.6 8744 99.8 0 71.3 94.7

NL49007

 30.4 27.0 74.1 105.6 27.0 8741 99.8 0 71.9 82.6

NL49012

 22.4 18.0 64.5 124.8 18.0 8720 99.5 0 66.3 80.2

NL49017

 22.1 18.8 57.4 107.6 18.8 8631 98.5 0 63.1 91.6

NL49020

 25.3 21.3 64.7 117.2 21.3 8728 99.6 0 71.2 100.3
Industrial

NL01496

 22.5 19.2 69.7 148.6 19.2 8746 99.8 0 85.7 116.2

NL01913

 13.9 10.9 46.5 90.4 10.9 8714 99.5 0 47.3 61.1

NL49704

 20.5 15.6 62.1 120.1 15.6 8702 99.3 0 61.1 80.0
* Hovering over the station code will show the site name, location and responsible monitoring network
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 9.7 24
Urban Background 15.4 21
Roadside 21.2 22
Industrial 19.0 3
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Measured concentrations of particulate matter in 2023 were in compliance with the European limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 applicable at that time. All sites also meet the revised PM10 limit values from the EU directive, and only NL10247 and NL10248 exceed the future PM2.5 EU limit values. The majority of sites do not meet the WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter.

Key statistics for PM10 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_50_d2
Rural Background

NL01497

 15.3 13.8 35.6 56.4 13.8 360 98.6 1

NL10131

 16.4 14.6 38.8 58.4 14.6 363 99.5 1

NL10133

 14.0 12.6 28.3 41.7 12.6 355 97.3 0

NL10230

 15.5 14.3 31.3 61.3 14.3 365 100.0 1

NL10235

 13.8 12.6 32.7 54.5 12.6 357 97.8 1

NL10246

 13.8 12.6 27.5 50.6 12.6 347 95.1 1

NL10248

 13.9 12.5 35.1 48.0 12.5 363 99.5 0

NL10318

 16.4 14.8 37.2 60.3 14.8 363 99.5 1

NL10437

 14.2 12.9 32.2 55.6 12.9 364 99.7 1

NL10444

 14.3 12.9 32.1 41.9 12.9 355 97.3 0

NL10538

 13.0 12.5 27.0 50.3 12.5 356 97.5 0

NL10617

 12.7 11.8 27.1 43.5 11.8 357 97.8 0

NL10633

 13.1 12.2 27.7 41.5 12.2 331 90.7 0

NL10644

 13.6 12.3 32.4 45.2 12.3 359 98.4 0

NL10722

 14.0 12.9 29.7 42.0 12.9 348 95.3 0

NL10738

 15.7 14.8 33.7 47.3 14.8 345 94.5 0

NL10807

 14.4 12.9 34.0 53.7 12.9 354 97.0 1

NL10818

 13.3 11.9 27.5 43.6 11.9 350 95.9 0

NL10918

 12.3 11.4 28.2 43.8 11.4 355 97.3 0

NL10929

 12.0 10.6 28.6 44.0 10.6 357 97.8 0

NL10934

 13.6 12.6 31.0 45.1 12.6 359 98.4 0

NL49703

 13.0 11.6 31.7 46.3 11.6 364 99.7 0
Urban Background

NL01485

 16.4 14.9 34.0 58.8 14.9 365 100.0 1

NL01488

 17.4 15.8 38.6 62.3 15.8 365 100.0 2

NL01494

 16.8 15.1 36.3 62.5 15.2 364 99.7 3

NL01495

 15.5 13.8 38.0 57.1 13.8 365 100.0 3

NL01912

 15.8 14.1 33.8 56.7 14.1 365 100.0 1

NL10138

 14.7 13.7 32.9 52.6 13.7 359 98.4 1

NL10241

 19.2 17.4 42.6 66.6 17.4 324 88.8 4

NL10247

 15.0 13.8 31.4 52.6 13.8 362 99.2 1

NL10404

 19.2 18.3 40.1 62.1 18.3 363 99.5 3

NL10418

 18.9 17.7 38.6 61.2 17.7 361 98.9 2

NL10442

 15.6 14.4 31.3 54.0 14.4 365 100.0 2

NL10446

 15.2 14.1 33.1 51.4 14.1 354 97.0 1

NL49014

 15.1 14.1 28.6 53.1 14.1 346 94.8 1

NL49016

 14.3 13.3 28.2 53.6 13.4 362 99.2 1

NL49701

 14.5 12.9 33.4 58.5 13.0 364 99.7 2
Roadside

NL01487

 17.0 15.6 36.7 59.5 15.6 365 100.0 2

NL01489

 16.5 15.1 36.9 57.8 15.1 363 99.5 1

NL01491

 16.9 15.4 37.3 61.5 15.4 365 100.0 2

NL01493

 17.8 16.3 42.1 68.3 16.3 365 100.0 3

NL10136

 15.6 14.0 34.5 56.8 14.0 360 98.6 2

NL10236

 16.0 15.0 36.3 58.9 15.0 365 100.0 2

NL10237

 17.8 16.6 35.2 55.7 16.6 364 99.7 2

NL10240

 17.3 15.7 40.1 58.7 15.7 315 86.3 3

NL10445

 19.8 18.6 38.5 58.0 18.6 360 98.6 2

NL10449

 18.4 16.9 41.5 67.0 16.9 365 100.0 3

NL10450

 19.9 18.6 41.0 64.8 18.6 365 100.0 2

NL10550

 19.5 18.4 38.6 59.1 18.4 365 100.0 3

NL10636

 14.7 13.5 31.5 46.2 13.5 361 98.9 0

NL10639

 16.0 14.7 33.8 59.4 14.7 361 98.9 3

NL10641

 14.9 13.6 33.0 50.0 13.6 351 96.2 0

NL10741

 17.2 16.1 34.9 47.8 16.1 365 100.0 0

NL10937

 17.4 16.3 37.0 56.2 16.3 357 97.8 2

NL49007

 18.3 17.0 35.9 60.4 17.0 361 98.9 3

NL49012

 17.2 16.4 34.5 60.0 16.4 360 98.6 3

NL49017

 16.0 13.9 36.9 58.8 13.9 363 99.5 3

NL49020

 17.6 16.2 35.5 59.9 16.2 357 97.8 3
Industrial

NL01496

 16.7 15.1 38.0 61.7 15.1 365 100.0 3

NL01913

 18.4 16.2 42.7 56.3 16.2 365 100.0 3

NL49557

 19.4 18.9 38.4 69.9 18.9 354 97.0 1

NL49704

 13.5 11.8 36.5 58.8 11.8 361 98.9 2
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 14.0 22
Urban Background 16.0 14
Roadside 17.2 20
Industrial 17.0 4
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL01497

 8.2 6.4 27.2 47.7 6.4 360 98.6

NL10131

 8.9 7.7 23.1 45.9 7.7 357 97.8

NL10230

 9.2 7.5 25.0 52.1 7.6 346 94.8

NL10248

 10.4 9.6 25.4 49.6 9.6 347 95.1

NL10444

 7.9 6.8 22.3 37.1 6.8 357 97.8

NL10538

 6.5 5.2 20.4 35.4 5.2 359 98.4

NL10644

 7.1 5.9 21.1 32.0 6.0 354 97.0

NL10738

 8.0 7.1 23.2 33.0 7.1 353 96.7

NL10934

 6.0 4.8 19.8 27.2 4.8 342 93.7

NL49703

 8.0 6.8 23.4 41.2 6.8 364 99.7
Urban Background

NL01485

 8.5 6.8 26.2 47.2 6.8 365 100.0

NL01488

 9.4 7.6 27.7 51.2 7.6 365 100.0

NL01494

 8.7 7.1 27.6 49.8 7.1 364 99.7

NL01495

 8.4 6.6 27.1 47.0 6.6 365 100.0

NL01912

 8.7 6.9 27.6 45.8 6.9 365 100.0

NL10138

 6.5 4.9 21.5 38.4 4.9 335 91.8

NL10241

 7.7 6.4 25.8 39.8 6.4 351 96.2

NL10247

 10.2 8.8 26.4 46.6 8.8 351 96.2

NL10404

 6.9 5.5 25.4 46.4 5.5 344 94.2

NL10418

 7.8 6.3 24.5 46.7 6.3 357 97.8

NL10643

 7.5 6.3 22.2 33.5 6.3 352 96.4

NL10742

 8.4 7.3 23.5 38.0 7.3 360 98.6

NL10821

 7.2 5.9 24.1 38.1 5.9 358 98.1

NL10938

 6.0 4.9 19.3 32.6 4.9 358 98.1

NL49014

 7.8 6.4 20.7 39.8 6.4 338 92.6

NL49016

 6.8 5.4 19.0 40.1 5.4 362 99.2

NL49701

 8.8 7.3 25.4 48.9 7.3 364 99.7
Roadside

NL01487

 9.2 7.3 26.4 48.1 7.3 365 100.0

NL01489

 8.7 7.0 26.8 45.6 7.0 363 99.5

NL01491

 8.9 7.2 28.1 47.7 7.2 365 100.0

NL01493

 8.8 7.1 27.2 48.0 7.1 365 100.0

NL10136

 7.2 6.1 24.4 43.8 6.1 321 87.9

NL10240

 8.3 6.9 26.2 44.5 6.9 361 98.9

NL10449

 7.4 6.0 23.2 40.0 6.0 356 97.5

NL10450

 7.3 5.6 23.1 44.5 5.6 349 95.6

NL10636

 9.5 7.9 25.0 39.6 7.9 354 97.0

NL10641

 8.8 7.6 23.9 33.4 7.6 351 96.2

NL10741

 8.8 7.7 24.3 37.1 7.7 352 96.4

NL10937

 6.0 4.5 21.8 32.9 4.5 354 97.0

NL49007

 8.8 7.3 23.0 47.5 7.3 360 98.6

NL49012

 8.7 7.3 23.9 45.0 7.3 362 99.2

NL49017

 9.3 7.9 23.4 43.7 7.9 355 97.3
Industrial

NL01496

 9.1 7.5 31.4 51.3 7.5 365 100.0

NL01913

 9.7 7.9 27.7 44.9 7.9 365 100.0

NL49557

 9.9 8.9 23.9 51.9 8.9 346 94.8

NL49704

 8.4 7.0 27.2 47.6 7.0 361 98.9
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 8.0 10
Urban Background 7.9 17
Roadside 8.5 14
Industrial 9.3 4
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Statistics to determine the AEI for PM2.5
2021 2022 2023 average_3y
Urban Background

NL01494

 11.6 10.0 8.7 10.1

NL10138

 7.7 7.5 6.5 7.2

NL10241

 7.7 - 7.7 7.7

NL10247

 11.3 10.6 10.2 10.7

NL10404

 6.7 7.4 6.9 7.0

NL10418

 8.4 8.9 7.8 8.4

NL10643

 10.9 10.4 7.5 9.6

NL10742

 10.8 10.0 8.4 9.8

NL10821

 7.8 7.4 7.2 7.5

NL10938

 7.7 8.2 6.0 7.3

NL49014

 9.8 9.6 7.8 9.1

NL49701

 10.2 9.2 8.8 9.4
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
Table 7: Annual means for PM2.5 (in μg/m3) on selected urban background sites and the 3-year average to determine the Average Exposure Indicator (AEI)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2023 is 8.7 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Yearly averaged sulphur dioxide concentrations are all well below the limit value of 20 µg/m³. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 350 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard.

Key statistics for SO2 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background

NL10133

 0.4 0.2 2.8 27.3 0.2 8584 98.0 0 4.6 6.4 0 0.3

NL10318

 0.6 0.3 3.7 38.0 0.3 8610 98.3 0 8.8 17.0 0 0.6

NL10444

 0.4 0.3 2.4 11.8 0.3 8653 98.8 0 3.4 6.4 0 0.4

NL10644

 0.4 0.3 2.2 11.8 0.3 8591 98.1 0 3.9 5.5 0 0.3

NL10722

 0.4 0.2 3.0 16.1 0.2 8499 97.0 0 4.5 8.9 0 0.4

NL10934

 0.2 0.1 1.2 10.4 0.1 8539 97.5 0 2.5 6.4 0 0.2
Urban Background

NL01485

 1.1 0.5 6.5 110.1 0.5 8690 99.2 0 32.5 59.5 0 0.9

NL49016

 0.5 0.3 2.6 12.0 0.3 8709 99.4 0 6.8 5.5 0 0.8
Industrial

NL01484

 2.8 1.3 19.5 138.1 1.3 8706 99.4 0 45.7 67.2 0 3.1

NL01496

 0.9 0.7 5.2 20.5 0.7 8668 99.0 0 5.5 10.2 0 1.2

NL49704

 0.6 0.3 3.2 19.7 0.3 8683 99.1 0 3.6 7.6 0 0.6
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2023 to 31 March 2024)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 8: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.4 6
Urban Background 0.8 2
Industrial 1.4 3
Table 9: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. In 2023, this occurred more than 18 times at five out of 45 stations. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. These target values have been met, see Table 12.

In addition, the number of days on which at least one exceedance of the information or alert threshold value is observed, is shown in the columns exc_info and exc_alert in the table below. The information threshold for ozone is 180 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations and the alert threshold for ozone is 240 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2023 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2023
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 exc_info2 exc_alert3 aot404 somo355
Rural Background

NL10107

 51.9 51.9 116.1 155.7 51.9 8616 98.4 107.9 141.9 15 0 0 12370.1 3312.4

NL10131

 52.2 52.2 115.9 150.2 52.2 8622 98.4 104.9 146.4 17 0 0 13195.2 3328.5

NL10230

 53.2 53.6 118.7 171.9 53.6 8570 97.8 117.1 154.5 18 0 0 13429.9 3561.0

NL10235

 49.7 50.4 113.9 184.8 50.4 8488 96.9 115.9 161.8 15 2 0 11673.7 3075.8

NL10301

 58.5 59.6 113.0 214.7 59.6 8533 97.4 114.9 155.7 16 2 0 9746.2 3522.2

NL10318

 54.9 55.6 113.6 195.0 55.6 8371 95.6 110.9 166.4 16 2 0 10218.6 3218.7

NL10437

 54.4 55.8 110.3 180.3 55.8 8488 96.9 109.8 156.0 14 0 0 9982.7 3003.4

NL10444

 62.1 64.9 119.2 198.4 64.9 8543 97.5 127.3 188.3 18 4 0 12754.9 4792.0

NL10538

 60.5 62.0 106.8 175.2 62.0 8605 98.2 118.5 157.7 11 0 0 7932.0 3287.2

NL10617

 56.3 56.5 112.6 165.0 56.5 8598 98.2 140.5 155.4 15 0 0 11047.3 3274.5

NL10633

 52.1 53.0 107.4 179.1 53.0 8323 95.0 127.0 154.6 12 0 0 7950.9 2557.7

NL10644

 50.8 51.3 113.6 173.9 51.3 8530 97.4 144.9 150.1 16 0 0 9674.7 2696.2

NL10722

 49.9 48.6 117.0 159.8 48.6 8554 97.6 119.4 154.0 17 0 0 12904.0 3213.7

NL10738

 54.0 54.4 120.4 171.9 54.4 8564 97.8 120.3 159.5 19 0 0 14716.5 3963.6

NL10807

 52.4 51.7 115.0 160.9 51.7 8613 98.3 116.8 149.5 16 0 0 11862.3 3209.2

NL10818

 54.7 54.9 108.8 166.0 54.9 8537 97.5 112.6 158.6 13 0 0 9539.0 2805.5

NL10918

 58.9 59.5 105.9 172.0 59.5 8606 98.2 120.9 162.1 10 0 0 7848.6 2935.2

NL10929

 54.8 54.8 109.1 161.2 54.8 8514 97.2 108.2 147.9 11 0 0 8912.9 3161.4

NL10934

 60.8 61.0 106.9 166.8 61.0 8614 98.3 111.8 160.7 10 0 0 8041.7 3516.0
Suburban Background

NL10133

 51.3 52.6 114.8 156.7 52.6 8612 98.3 139.0 148.0 15 0 0 12069.6 3213.0

NL10247

 54.3 54.3 121.9 161.3 54.3 8637 98.6 123.1 156.4 21 0 0 14878.5 3932.7

NL10938

 58.2 58.4 110.2 171.5 58.4 8652 98.8 125.8 160.0 11 0 0 9016.8 3522.1
Urban Background

NL01485

 48.7 50.5 104.9 167.4 50.5 8660 98.9 109.9 149.4 13 0 0 6093.4 2066.9

NL01494

 46.8 48.3 107.2 172.8 48.3 8673 99.0 112.0 156.9 13 0 0 7386.6 2334.9

NL01495

 46.9 46.5 104.7 195.4 46.5 8674 99.0 107.4 149.2 10 1 0 6616.7 2404.5

NL10138

 56.8 57.8 119.0 166.4 57.8 8586 98.0 135.3 155.0 21 0 0 15268.8 4233.0

NL10241

 54.2 54.5 119.8 192.5 54.5 8564 97.8 124.6 159.6 18 1 0 13734.0 3690.9

NL10404

 57.6 60.0 114.2 177.6 60.0 8654 98.8 120.0 167.8 16 0 0 10241.9 3619.0

NL10418

 52.1 53.1 114.0 180.7 53.1 8591 98.1 117.8 162.2 15 1 0 9968.8 3136.9

NL10442

 53.2 54.0 116.2 177.6 54.0 8628 98.5 128.2 158.9 16 0 0 11751.7 3312.4

NL10446

 54.5 56.6 118.4 183.0 56.6 8654 98.8 120.5 171.3 18 2 0 11837.6 3640.1

NL10643

 54.8 54.9 120.3 179.1 54.9 8529 97.4 121.5 158.7 17 0 0 12917.3 3685.0

NL10742

 53.6 53.5 120.9 184.7 53.5 8614 98.3 123.8 153.8 22 1 0 12912.6 3497.0

NL49003

 55.6 57.1 111.1 192.3 57.1 8736 99.7 122.4 167.2 16 2 0 9096.3 3112.8

NL49014

 54.7 55.5 115.9 196.1 55.5 8665 98.9 123.0 168.6 19 3 0 10921.0 3435.3
Roadside

NL01493

 42.7 44.1 94.0 145.1 44.1 8722 99.6 98.9 130.8 4 0 0 3668.9 1259.0

NL10236

 51.3 51.4 113.7 151.5 51.4 8648 98.7 116.0 142.7 13 0 0 10909.1 2864.3

NL10449

 48.4 49.6 112.8 193.2 49.6 8624 98.4 123.4 160.3 15 2 0 9535.1 2811.3

NL10450

 47.8 50.0 96.4 173.7 50.0 8617 98.4 100.6 152.9 4 0 0 5317.3 1913.9

NL10550

 52.6 54.9 104.7 179.4 54.9 7980 91.1 119.8 164.7 9 0 0 6920.0 2487.4

NL10636

 48.5 48.7 109.8 158.9 48.7 8574 97.9 112.2 144.4 14 0 0 8454.6 2403.7

NL10639

 50.8 51.4 113.4 167.6 51.4 8653 98.8 115.9 146.9 16 0 0 10346.1 2877.9

NL10641

 47.7 48.2 102.0 155.1 48.2 8403 95.9 132.8 138.5 12 0 0 6547.0 2015.7

NL49012

 52.5 53.6 105.7 182.5 53.6 8705 99.4 111.2 153.6 10 1 0 7254.0 2509.0
Industrial

NL01496

 49.9 50.2 103.6 187.9 50.2 8345 95.3 113.9 170.8 3 2 0 6155.3 2398.0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for information of the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 180 µg/m³ (information threshold))
3 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for alerting the public is observed
(one-hour ozone concentration > 240 µg/m³ (alert threshold))
4 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
5 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
Table 10: Key concentration values for ozone in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 54.8 19
Suburban Background 54.6 3
Urban Background 53.0 13
Roadside 49.2 9
Industrial 49.9 1
Table 11: Summary table for ozone in 2023 (in μg/m3)

None of the sites surpass the current target value of 25 or the future threshold of 18 times exceedance days per calendar year, averaged over 3 years (see the table below).

Number of exceedance days for O3
2021 2022 2023 average_3y1
Rural Background

NL10107

 10 19 15 15

NL10131

 9 14 17 13

NL10230

 6 18 18 14

NL10235

 6 - 15 10

NL10301

 8 13 16 12

NL10318

 6 13 16 12

NL10437

 6 14 14 11

NL10444

 10 15 18 14

NL10538

 3 12 11 9

NL10617

 5 7 15 9

NL10633

 8 12 12 11

NL10644

 7 13 16 12

NL10722

 7 17 17 14

NL10738

 9 19 19 16

NL10807

 8 8 16 11

NL10818

 9 10 13 11

NL10918

 6 8 10 8

NL10929

 9 12 11 11

NL10934

 3 - 10 6
Suburban Background

NL10133

 3 14 15 11

NL10247

 10 12 21 14

NL10938

 5 5 11 7
Urban Background

NL01485

 5 7 13 8

NL01494

 3 8 13 8

NL01495

 5 10 10 8

NL10138

 6 19 21 15

NL10241

 7 - 18 12

NL10404

 9 13 16 13

NL10418

 6 12 15 11

NL10442

 7 17 16 13

NL10446

 5 14 18 12

NL10643

 6 15 17 13

NL10742

 9 14 22 15

NL49003

 2 12 16 10

NL49014

 7 12 19 13
Roadside

NL01489

 2 - - 2

NL01493

 2 - 4 3

NL10236

 9 12 13 11

NL10449

 3 8 15 9

NL10550

 2 11 9 7

NL10636

 3 11 14 9

NL10639

 4 10 16 10

NL10641

 4 11 12 9

NL49012

 2 5 10 6

NL10450

 - - 4 4
Industrial

NL01496

 2 10 3 5
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 12: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2021, 2022 and 2023

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Maximum daily 8-hour means of carbon monoxide concentrations measured on three sites in Amsterdam did not surpass the limit value of 10000 µg/m³ on any day in 2023.

Key statistics for CO in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Urban Background

NL49014

 327.4 328.2 540.4 1662.2 328.2 8691 99.2 642.4 814.2 0
Roadside

NL49007

 289.1 255.4 641.0 1799.9 255.4 8615 98.3 871.4 1083.7 0

NL49012

 316.6 294.2 625.2 1143.9 294.2 8715 99.5 723.8 865.1 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 13: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Urban Background 327.4 1
Roadside 302.8 2
Table 14: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2023
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background

NL10131

 0.5 0.3 1.6 5.4 0.3 8739 99.8 2.0 2.4

NL10444

 0.4 0.2 1.7 6.9 0.2 8616 98.4 3.0 3.8

NL10633

 0.4 0.3 1.7 8.9 0.3 8348 95.3 2.9 3.7

NL10644

 0.5 0.4 2.1 7.7 0.4 8675 99.0 3.7 5.4

NL10807

 0.4 0.3 1.3 6.7 0.3 8738 99.7 2.0 3.7

NL10929

 0.4 0.3 1.5 8.8 0.3 8725 99.6 2.8 5.7
Urban Background

NL10138

 0.5 0.4 2.1 9.4 0.4 8685 99.1 4.0 4.5

NL10247

 0.6 0.4 2.6 9.8 0.4 8335 95.1 4.1 5.8

NL10742

 0.6 0.4 1.9 6.0 0.4 7954 90.8 2.6 3.0

NL10821

 0.5 0.3 1.9 7.3 0.3 8712 99.5 5.5 5.4

NL10938

 0.3 0.2 1.3 4.7 0.2 8709 99.4 2.3 3.5

NL49003

 0.5 0.4 2.0 5.5 0.4 8636 98.6 3.6 4.7

NL49014

 0.5 0.4 1.8 8.3 0.4 8564 97.8 3.6 5.2

NL49701

 0.6 0.4 2.4 9.4 0.4 8715 99.5 5.0 6.7
Roadside

NL01493

 1.1 0.9 3.7 10.6 0.9 8744 99.8 6.5 8.6

NL10237

 0.9 0.7 2.9 10.5 0.7 8731 99.7 4.2 6.3

NL10641

 0.6 0.5 2.1 6.4 0.5 8702 99.3 3.1 3.4

NL10741

 0.8 0.7 2.4 6.5 0.7 8565 97.8 2.9 4.1

NL49007

 0.9 0.7 2.7 10.0 0.7 8723 99.6 4.8 6.4

NL49012

 0.7 0.5 2.3 9.2 0.5 8750 99.9 3.9 5.4

NL49017

 0.7 0.6 2.3 6.3 0.6 8687 99.2 4.0 5.1

NL49020

 0.8 0.7 2.7 9.2 0.7 8741 99.8 4.7 6.6
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 15: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.4 6
Urban Background 0.5 8
Roadside 0.8 8
Table 16: Summary table for black carbon in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

All of the measured annual benzene concentrations were in compliance with the European limit values and also below the WHO AQG of 1.7 µg/m³.

Key statistics for benzene in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.8 0.2 359 98.4
Urban Background

NL01485

 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.4 35 9.6

NL01495

 0.5 0.3 1.8 23.6 0.3 358 98.1

NL10643

 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.2 300 82.2
Roadside

NL49017

 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.7 0.4 354 97.0
Industrial

NL01484

 0.8 0.6 2.6 6.1 0.6 362 99.2

NL01496

 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.4 0.3 360 98.6

NL49557

 0.2 0.1 1.0 1.8 0.1 351 96.2

NL49704

 0.4 0.3 1.5 2.3 0.3 357 97.8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 17: Key concentration values for benzene in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.3 1
Urban Background 0.5 1
Roadside 0.4 1
Industrial 0.4 4
Table 18: Summary table for benzene in 2023 (in μg/m3)

For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for toluene in 2023
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL49703

 0.7 0.4 3.2 7.9 0.4 358 98.1
Urban Background

NL01485

 1.4 1.1 3.1 7.8 1.1 35 9.6

NL01495

 0.8 0.5 3.3 15.0 0.5 358 98.1

NL10643

 0.5 0.4 1.8 3.2 0.4 300 82.2
Roadside

NL49017

 1.2 1.0 3.3 5.2 1.0 354 97.0
Industrial

NL01484

 1.5 0.9 6.9 27.5 0.9 362 99.2

NL01496

 0.4 0.4 1.5 2.4 0.4 361 98.9

NL49557

 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.9 0.2 351 96.2

NL49704

 1.1 0.5 5.1 7.9 0.5 357 97.8
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 19: Key concentration values for toluene in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.7 1
Urban Background 0.8 1
Roadside 1.2 1
Industrial 0.8 4
Table 20: Summary table for toluene in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling. All of the annual mean concentrations comply with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for Pb in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 2.6 2.1 8.5 13.2 2.1 147 40.3 PM10

NL10644

 2.8 2.0 9.1 14.7 2.1 86 23.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for lead in 2023 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.4 0.3 1.0 1.4 0.3 143 39.2 PM10

NL10644

 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.4 0.3 85 23.3 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2023 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.1 0 0.2 0.2 0 147 40.3 PM10

NL10644

 0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0 86 23.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2023 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background

NL10627

 0.6 0.5 1.7 1.9 0.5 147 40.3 PM10

NL10644

 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.5 0.4 86 23.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 24: Key concentration values for nickel in 2023 (in ng/m3)

The annual means in the table below are based on solely PM10 filter sampling to conform with EU standards.

Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2023
component mean n
As 0.4 1
Cd 0.1 1
Ni 0.6 1
Pb 2.6 1
Table 25: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel on PM10 filters in 2023 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2023 are given in the following table. The annual means were in compliance with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background

NL10444

 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.18 0.01 178 48.8
Urban Background

NL10418

 0.04 0.03 0.23 0.24 0.03 177 48.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 26: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2023 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L086.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene sampling L224/analysis N/A year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L086 is Eurofins Omegan B.V. analytical laboratory
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 27: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)