RIVM logo

 

Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2023

RIVM Annual report
Version 1

Rva logo

Authors
Affiliation

Pleuni Bongers

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)

Dennis Mooibroek

Published

July 28, 2025

1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands

Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.

This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2023 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L086. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.

The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. For information on the used monitoring instruments and sampling practices, see the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, please consult the accompanying README.

2 Key concentration values per component

The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2023, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.

2.1 Nitrogen dioxide

In 2023, the nitrogen dioxide concentrations at all measurement locations were in compliance with the higher limit value applicable at the time. A more stringent limit value for nitrogen dioxide of 20 μg/m3 will enter into effect in 2030. Most monitoring stations near busy roads, for example in and around Amsterdam and Rotterdam, currently do not meet this limit value. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 200 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard. A total of 15 sites meet the WHO guideline of a maximum annual average of 10 μg/m3.

Key statistics for NO2 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_2002 max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL01497 14.4 9.0 62.1 163.0 9.0 8722 99.6 0 78.6 122.4
NL10107 9.8 8.0 29.6 48.5 8.0 8720 99.5 0 32.5 38.3
NL10131 10.8 8.4 35.1 74.8 8.4 8650 98.7 0 38.0 53.0
NL10133 7.8 6.2 26.0 45.3 6.2 8705 99.4 0 32.6 43.0
NL10230 11.1 8.4 34.7 382.8 8.4 8318 95.0 2 102.3 186.6
NL10235 11.8 9.3 39.1 61.2 9.3 8617 98.4 0 48.9 51.0
NL10246 11.6 9.1 38.0 73.3 9.1 8623 98.4 0 39.9 48.4
NL10248 12.7 10.0 40.7 72.4 10.0 8728 99.6 0 44.7 59.7
NL10301 10.2 7.6 39.1 68.7 7.6 8661 98.9 0 45.2 51.0
NL10318 10.5 7.5 37.7 74.5 7.5 8718 99.5 0 42.2 50.4
NL10437 11.1 8.4 37.8 61.9 8.4 8717 99.5 0 42.6 52.4
NL10444 9.6 6.9 37.2 57.0 6.9 8673 99.0 0 46.0 52.3
NL10538 9.1 5.7 38.8 137.2 5.7 8699 99.3 0 47.8 83.2
NL10617 7.6 5.7 28.9 54.5 5.7 8398 95.9 0 34.7 44.0
NL10633 9.5 7.1 35.1 63.1 7.1 8382 95.7 0 40.5 51.6
NL10644 10.9 8.3 35.6 59.7 8.3 8653 98.8 0 41.1 49.3
NL10722 9.2 7.5 29.4 51.0 7.5 8604 98.2 0 32.7 38.0
NL10738 9.5 7.2 31.4 63.6 7.2 8571 97.8 0 38.9 47.6
NL10807 8.2 6.5 26.8 49.3 6.5 8574 97.9 0 36.3 45.9
NL10818 7.3 5.6 26.4 47.4 5.6 8616 98.4 0 32.7 43.2
NL10918 5.9 4.3 23.7 50.7 4.3 8659 98.8 0 36.0 45.7
NL10929 6.8 5.3 23.1 56.2 5.3 8600 98.2 0 25.9 35.5
NL10934 5.1 4.0 18.8 40.0 4.0 8677 99.1 0 26.8 33.3
NL49703 13.3 9.8 45.7 74.6 9.8 8747 99.9 0 54.4 63.8
Urban Background
NL01485 18.1 14.7 54.8 130.0 14.7 8741 99.8 0 55.5 91.3
NL01488 17.4 13.4 57.9 103.9 13.4 8740 99.8 0 61.3 79.3
NL01494 22.4 18.1 62.7 128.3 18.1 8743 99.8 0 63.9 81.5
NL01495 23.5 19.9 62.9 158.9 19.9 8726 99.6 0 89.3 101.5
NL01912 17.0 13.3 49.8 78.1 13.3 8602 98.2 0 49.3 68.3
NL10138 9.9 7.5 32.9 52.0 7.5 8539 97.5 0 36.1 48.7
NL10241 14.0 11.1 45.2 71.9 11.1 8737 99.7 0 52.0 61.3
NL10247 10.8 8.5 35.2 65.9 8.5 8631 98.5 0 41.2 52.7
NL10404 15.0 10.8 53.8 89.2 10.8 8722 99.6 0 58.9 67.2
NL10418 21.1 17.1 58.5 112.4 17.1 8657 98.8 0 62.8 84.0
NL10442 14.3 11.2 45.5 84.4 11.2 8691 99.2 0 46.1 68.4
NL10446 17.2 13.0 55.1 85.6 13.0 8727 99.6 0 54.7 75.3
NL10643 12.8 9.9 41.4 67.0 9.9 8712 99.5 0 45.4 57.5
NL10742 13.3 11.1 38.3 64.1 11.1 8709 99.4 0 44.2 55.3
NL10938 6.6 5.0 24.0 48.1 5.0 8672 99.0 0 29.1 35.7
NL49003 14.6 11.4 47.4 72.0 11.4 8711 99.4 0 52.1 59.7
NL49014 14.8 11.8 47.3 89.5 11.8 8709 99.4 0 53.5 60.1
NL49019 18.5 14.9 55.2 125.3 14.9 8709 99.4 0 59.1 79.2
NL49021 12.4 9.6 41.6 65.6 9.6 8755 99.9 0 46.7 60.0
NL49022 14.1 10.5 49.3 88.0 10.5 8537 97.5 0 56.4 69.2
NL49701 15.5 10.8 53.1 80.8 10.8 8742 99.8 0 59.0 69.6
Roadside
NL01487 27.1 23.8 68.4 135.6 23.9 8624 98.4 0 71.7 82.5
NL01489 21.8 18.9 57.3 84.0 18.9 8681 99.1 0 58.2 68.2
NL01491 23.4 19.9 63.0 106.5 19.9 8721 99.6 0 63.3 75.9
NL01493 27.6 24.0 67.8 133.8 24.0 8574 97.9 0 64.8 90.2
NL10136 15.4 13.0 45.9 75.8 13.0 8611 98.3 0 44.5 57.1
NL10236 14.7 12.5 41.2 86.9 12.5 8683 99.1 0 50.6 61.9
NL10237 17.3 14.8 46.2 85.0 14.8 8594 98.1 0 53.0 67.4
NL10240 19.7 16.6 52.5 85.6 16.6 8689 99.2 0 58.1 67.0
NL10445 20.9 17.1 60.0 107.4 17.1 8668 99.0 0 62.4 75.9
NL10449 24.4 20.4 63.8 105.8 20.4 8674 99.0 0 60.1 76.2
NL10450 25.8 22.2 67.4 111.4 22.2 8644 98.7 0 67.0 91.7
NL10550 15.9 12.5 49.5 86.1 12.5 8592 98.1 0 51.5 60.7
NL10636 15.5 12.5 46.4 81.9 12.5 8694 99.2 0 50.2 60.3
NL10639 17.8 14.4 49.9 122.4 14.4 8700 99.3 0 56.4 61.4
NL10641 16.6 14.0 45.9 86.0 14.0 8701 99.3 0 49.4 56.9
NL10741 20.0 18.0 50.5 94.8 18.0 8715 99.5 0 48.1 60.8
NL10937 15.6 13.3 42.1 71.8 13.3 8713 99.5 0 41.0 56.4
NL49002 27.1 23.6 66.8 105.0 23.6 8744 99.8 0 71.3 94.7
NL49007 30.4 27.0 74.1 105.6 27.0 8741 99.8 0 71.9 82.6
NL49012 22.4 18.0 64.5 124.8 18.0 8720 99.5 0 66.3 80.2
NL49017 22.1 18.8 57.4 107.6 18.8 8631 98.5 0 63.1 91.6
NL49020 25.3 21.3 64.7 117.2 21.3 8728 99.6 0 71.2 100.3
Industrial
NL01496 22.5 19.2 69.7 148.6 19.2 8746 99.8 0 85.7 116.2
NL01913 13.9 10.9 46.5 90.4 10.9 8714 99.5 0 47.3 61.1
NL49704 20.5 15.6 62.1 120.1 15.6 8702 99.3 0 61.1 80.0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year
Table 1: Key concentration values for nitrogen dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual NO2 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 9.74 24
Urban Background 15.40 21
Roadside 21.23 22
Industrial 19.00 3
Table 2: Summary table for nitrogen dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.2 Particulate matter

Measured concentrations of particulate matter in 2023 were in compliance with the European limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 applicable at that time. All sites also meet the revised PM10 limit values from the EU directive, and only NL10247 and NL10248 exceed the future PM2.5 EU limit values. The majority of sites do not meet the WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter.

Key statistics for PM10 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_50_d2
Rural Background
NL01497 15.3 13.2 39.2 117.0 13.2 8643 98.7 57.8 66.4 1
NL10131 16.4 14.7 51.8 183.6 14.7 8693 99.2 58.4 64.6 1
NL10133 14.0 13.4 40.3 164.4 13.4 8562 97.7 64.6 61.5 0
NL10230 15.5 14.7 48.0 177.2 14.7 8703 99.3 61.7 76.0 1
NL10235 13.9 12.1 37.7 164.4 12.1 8598 98.2 56.1 75.0 1
NL10246 13.9 12.1 40.3 238.7 12.1 8427 96.2 71.0 72.9 1
NL10248 13.9 12.0 44.0 263.0 12.0 8667 98.9 76.0 64.9 0
NL10318 16.4 14.7 54.4 231.0 14.7 8625 98.5 60.3 74.0 1
NL10437 14.2 13.4 44.1 183.6 13.4 8694 99.2 56.5 112.4 1
NL10444 14.3 13.4 41.5 172.1 13.4 8524 97.3 103.0 56.7 0
NL10538 13.1 12.1 36.4 154.2 12.1 8546 97.6 85.1 92.3 0
NL10617 12.8 12.1 36.4 147.8 12.1 8631 98.5 69.7 58.4 0
NL10633 13.1 12.1 39.0 146.5 12.1 8126 92.8 146.5 63.0 0
NL10644 13.6 12.1 41.5 268.1 12.1 8632 98.5 86.3 59.0 0
NL10722 14.0 13.4 37.7 228.4 13.4 8383 95.7 53.1 71.6 0
NL10738 15.8 14.7 48.0 160.6 14.7 8262 94.3 133.7 66.7 0
NL10807 14.4 13.4 45.4 145.2 13.4 8563 97.8 60.7 69.2 1
NL10818 13.3 12.1 39.0 223.3 12.1 8481 96.8 71.0 71.3 0
NL10918 12.3 10.8 39.0 95.3 10.8 8597 98.1 55.0 60.1 0
NL10929 11.9 10.8 36.4 131.2 10.8 8564 97.8 72.3 79.8 0
NL10934 13.6 12.1 42.8 257.9 12.1 8598 98.2 56.8 72.3 0
NL49703 13.0 11.3 34.1 138.0 11.3 8738 99.7 53.0 61.6 0
Urban Background
NL01485 16.4 14.7 38.3 127.5 14.7 8746 99.8 127.5 93.1 1
NL01488 17.4 15.5 41.3 121.8 15.5 8749 99.9 121.8 101.6 2
NL01494 16.8 14.9 39.4 115.0 14.9 8737 99.7 75.9 94.3 3
NL01495 15.5 13.4 38.0 113.7 13.4 8745 99.8 68.1 101.2 3
NL01912 15.8 13.9 38.2 194.2 13.9 8751 99.9 62.6 64.8 1
NL10138 14.8 13.4 40.3 186.2 13.4 8640 98.6 186.2 77.4 1
NL10241 19.4 17.2 63.3 444.8 17.2 7952 90.8 444.8 103.5 4
NL10247 15.0 13.4 41.5 174.7 13.4 8678 99.1 174.7 60.6 1
NL10404 19.1 17.2 55.6 659.8 17.2 8643 98.7 659.8 169.6 3
NL10418 18.9 17.2 50.5 356.4 17.2 8635 98.6 356.4 91.5 2
NL10442 15.6 14.7 41.5 338.5 14.7 8730 99.7 338.5 100.9 2
NL10446 15.1 14.7 41.5 718.7 14.7 8577 97.9 718.7 152.7 1
NL49014 15.1 13.4 35.0 139.7 13.4 8299 94.7 105.5 77.0 1
NL49016 14.4 13.0 33.3 117.7 13.0 8691 99.2 117.7 91.9 1
NL49701 14.5 12.7 37.4 395.5 12.7 8741 99.8 72.9 99.3 2
Roadside
NL01487 17.0 15.1 39.8 121.7 15.1 8748 99.9 121.7 97.8 2
NL01489 16.5 14.6 39.8 80.0 14.6 8715 99.5 60.8 67.1 1
NL01491 16.9 14.9 40.1 127.5 14.9 8748 99.9 89.4 106.5 2
NL01493 17.8 15.8 44.8 142.4 15.8 8744 99.8 85.9 105.4 3
NL10136 15.6 14.7 42.8 228.4 14.7 8661 98.9 58.7 82.2 2
NL10236 16.0 14.7 44.1 380.8 14.7 8733 99.7 380.8 103.4 2
NL10237 17.8 15.9 49.2 469.1 15.9 8699 99.3 469.1 98.5 2
NL10240 18.0 15.9 55.6 325.7 15.9 8063 92.0 325.7 108.4 3
NL10445 19.8 18.5 55.6 638.0 18.5 8595 98.1 638.0 153.3 2
NL10449 18.4 17.2 48.0 553.5 17.2 8735 99.7 553.5 181.6 3
NL10450 19.9 18.5 48.0 543.3 18.5 8746 99.8 543.3 128.8 2
NL10550 19.5 18.5 53.1 164.4 18.5 8736 99.7 150.3 91.8 3
NL10636 14.7 13.4 40.3 277.1 13.4 8671 99.0 277.1 73.3 0
NL10639 16.0 14.7 45.4 979.8 14.7 8604 98.2 979.8 201.1 3
NL10641 14.9 13.4 48.0 247.6 13.4 8414 96.0 154.2 81.0 0
NL10741 17.2 15.9 44.1 274.5 15.9 8716 99.5 274.5 69.7 0
NL10937 17.5 15.9 49.2 447.3 15.9 8573 97.9 447.3 140.1 2
NL49007 18.3 17.2 40.2 148.7 17.2 8671 99.0 148.7 97.0 3
NL49012 17.2 15.9 39.3 189.9 15.9 8654 98.8 189.9 97.9 3
NL49017 16.0 13.3 46.0 606.0 13.3 8676 99.0 269.9 152.8 3
NL49020 17.6 16.0 40.9 298.4 16.0 8628 98.5 298.4 95.6 3
Industrial
NL01496 16.7 14.6 40.6 109.0 14.6 8754 99.9 67.0 81.7 3
NL01913 18.4 15.3 52.5 132.8 15.3 8753 99.9 63.1 84.8 3
NL49557 19.4 17.7 48.0 110.3 17.7 8417 96.1 71.2 82.0 1
NL49704 13.5 11.3 40.0 201.3 11.3 8687 99.2 60.4 87.5 2
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year
Table 3: Key concentration values for PM10 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM10 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 14.03 22
Urban Background 16.25 15
Roadside 17.28 21
Industrial 16.99 4
Table 4: Summary table for PM10 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL01497 8.2 6.1 28.5 74.0 6.1 8643 98.7 49.2 56.9
NL10131 8.9 7.4 28.6 67.1 7.4 8566 97.8 46.1 49.1
NL10230 9.2 7.5 30.6 71.7 7.5 8331 95.1 52.8 62.3
NL10248 10.4 9.0 30.2 68.4 9.0 8386 95.7 52.3 60.0
NL10444 7.9 6.6 26.8 58.8 6.6 8445 96.4 46.1 46.6
NL10538 6.6 5.2 24.2 105.3 5.2 8568 97.8 53.1 68.5
NL10644 7.1 5.7 25.8 64.2 5.7 8435 96.3 47.7 46.5
NL10738 8.0 6.5 26.7 80.7 6.5 8450 96.5 67.0 44.4
NL10934 6.0 4.7 22.2 70.9 4.7 8248 94.2 35.3 59.7
NL49703 8.0 6.2 25.3 69.1 6.2 8738 99.7 47.3 57.0
Urban Background
NL01485 8.5 6.5 27.1 103.1 6.5 8748 99.9 103.1 83.2
NL01488 9.4 7.2 29.8 103.2 7.2 8751 99.9 102.0 91.2
NL01494 8.7 6.7 27.7 103.4 6.7 8737 99.7 60.1 84.9
NL01495 8.4 6.3 28.8 99.7 6.3 8746 99.8 55.8 89.4
NL01912 8.7 6.5 28.1 87.5 6.5 8751 99.9 47.6 56.0
NL10138 6.5 5.0 25.2 88.4 5.0 8000 91.3 88.4 59.7
NL10241 7.6 5.9 28.4 261.3 5.9 8421 96.1 261.3 76.7
NL10247 10.2 8.7 33.2 101.4 8.7 8417 96.1 101.4 54.8
NL10404 6.9 5.1 30.0 371.3 5.1 8211 93.7 371.3 89.2
NL10418 7.7 6.0 26.9 158.1 6.0 8580 97.9 158.1 108.4
NL10643 7.5 5.9 26.3 144.3 5.9 8439 96.3 144.3 54.8
NL10742 8.4 7.0 27.9 126.9 7.0 8619 98.4 126.9 52.9
NL10821 7.2 5.7 26.8 673.3 5.7 8498 97.0 673.3 129.7
NL10938 6.0 4.6 23.5 129.7 4.6 8573 97.9 129.7 56.8
NL49014 7.7 6.3 25.7 94.4 6.3 8141 92.9 94.4 64.8
NL49016 6.8 5.4 23.5 111.6 5.4 8684 99.1 111.6 75.8
NL49701 8.8 6.9 28.1 89.0 6.9 8741 99.8 56.3 74.7
Roadside
NL01487 9.2 7.1 28.7 103.9 7.1 8750 99.9 103.9 88.2
NL01489 8.7 6.6 28.0 73.0 6.6 8716 99.5 47.6 51.1
NL01491 8.9 6.7 28.2 116.3 6.7 8750 99.9 70.7 96.4
NL01493 8.8 6.7 28.1 107.2 6.7 8744 99.8 69.0 94.4
NL10136 7.2 5.7 27.7 74.5 5.7 7774 88.7 44.9 64.7
NL10240 8.3 6.6 28.7 195.9 6.6 8661 98.9 195.9 71.2
NL10449 7.5 5.8 27.3 305.2 5.8 8508 97.1 267.2 102.7
NL10450 7.3 5.6 28.5 320.0 5.6 8322 95.0 320.0 71.9
NL10636 9.5 7.8 28.1 171.6 7.8 8539 97.5 171.6 69.2
NL10641 8.8 7.3 26.4 73.7 7.3 8493 97.0 42.7 52.8
NL10741 8.8 7.5 27.7 137.4 7.5 8413 96.0 137.4 52.5
NL10937 6.0 4.5 24.8 237.7 4.5 8491 96.9 237.7 64.3
NL49007 8.8 7.2 26.8 130.9 7.2 8656 98.8 130.9 90.5
NL49012 8.7 7.2 28.1 185.4 7.2 8682 99.1 185.4 84.5
NL49017 9.3 7.8 27.1 239.5 7.8 8538 97.5 239.5 78.8
Industrial
NL01496 9.1 6.9 30.6 82.6 6.9 8754 99.9 55.7 71.5
NL01913 9.7 7.3 35.0 100.5 7.3 8753 99.9 48.3 69.8
NL49557 9.9 8.3 31.7 72.0 8.3 8376 95.6 52.4 56.7
NL49704 8.4 6.5 27.9 94.3 6.5 8687 99.2 49.4 81.2
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 5: Key concentration values for PM2.5 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 8.03 10
Urban Background 7.95 17
Roadside 8.47 14
Industrial 9.27 4
Table 6: Summary table for PM2.5 in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Statistics to determine the AEI for PM2.5
2021 2022 2023 average_3y
Urban Background
NL01494 11.6 10.0 8.7 10.1
NL10138 7.7 7.5 6.5 7.2
NL10241 7.7 - 7.7 7.7
NL10247 11.3 10.6 10.2 10.7
NL10404 6.7 7.4 6.9 7.0
NL10418 8.4 8.9 7.8 8.4
NL10643 10.9 10.4 7.5 9.6
NL10742 10.8 10.0 8.4 9.8
NL10821 7.8 7.4 7.2 7.5
NL10938 7.7 8.2 6.0 7.3
NL49014 9.8 9.6 7.8 9.1
NL49701 10.2 9.2 8.8 9.4
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
Table 7: Annual means for PM2.5 (in μg/m3) on selected urban background sites and the 3-year average to determine the Average Exposure Indicator (AEI)

The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2023 is 8.7 µg/m³.

2.3 Sulphur dioxide

Yearly averaged sulphur dioxide concentrations are all well below the limit value of 20 µg/m³. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 350 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard.

Key statistics for SO2 in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % exc_350_h2 max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_125_d3 mean_winter4
Rural Background
NL10133 0.4 0.2 2.8 27.3 0.2 8584 98.0 0 4.6 6.4 0 0.3
NL10318 0.6 0.3 3.7 38.0 0.3 8610 98.3 0 8.8 17.0 0 0.6
NL10444 0.4 0.3 2.4 11.8 0.3 8653 98.8 0 3.4 6.4 0 0.4
NL10644 0.4 0.3 2.2 11.8 0.3 8591 98.1 0 3.9 5.5 0 0.3
NL10722 0.4 0.2 3.0 16.1 0.2 8499 97.0 0 4.5 8.9 0 0.4
NL10934 0.2 0.1 1.2 10.4 0.1 8539 97.5 0 2.5 6.4 0 0.2
Urban Background
NL01485 1.1 0.5 6.5 110.1 0.5 8690 99.2 0 32.5 59.5 0 1.2
NL49016 0.5 0.3 2.6 12.0 0.3 8709 99.4 0 6.8 5.5 0 0.8
Industrial
NL01484 2.8 1.3 19.5 138.1 1.3 8706 99.4 0 45.7 67.2 0 3.1
NL01496 0.9 0.7 5.2 20.5 0.7 8668 99.0 0 5.5 10.2 0 1.2
NL49704 0.6 0.3 3.2 19.7 0.3 8683 99.1 0 3.6 7.6 0 0.6
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC)
2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³
- Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year
3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³
- Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year
4 Mean concentrations in winter (1 October 2023 to 31 March 2024)
for assessing the critical level for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
- Red color indicates exceedance of 20 µg/m³
Table 8: Key concentration values for sulphur dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual SO2 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.42 6
Urban Background 0.82 2
Industrial 1.42 3
Table 9: Summary table for sulphur dioxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.4 Ozone

For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. In 2023, this occurred more than 18 times at five out of 45 stations. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over 3 years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. These target values have been met, see Table 12.

The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2023 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.

Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.

Key statistics for O3 in 2023
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_1201 aot402 somo353
Rural Background
NL10107 51.9 51.9 116.1 155.7 51.9 8616 98.4 107.9 141.9 15 12370.1 3312.4
NL10131 52.2 52.2 115.9 150.2 52.2 8622 98.4 104.9 146.4 17 13195.2 3328.5
NL10230 53.2 53.6 118.7 171.9 53.6 8570 97.8 117.1 154.5 18 13429.9 3561.0
NL10235 49.7 50.4 113.9 184.8 50.4 8488 96.9 115.9 161.8 15 11673.7 3075.8
NL10301 58.5 59.6 113.0 214.7 59.6 8533 97.4 114.9 155.7 16 9746.2 3522.2
NL10318 54.9 55.6 113.6 195.0 55.6 8371 95.6 110.9 166.4 16 10218.6 3218.7
NL10437 54.4 55.8 110.3 180.3 55.8 8488 96.9 109.8 156.0 14 9982.7 3003.4
NL10444 62.1 64.9 119.2 198.4 64.9 8543 97.5 127.3 188.3 18 12754.9 4792.0
NL10538 60.5 62.0 106.8 175.2 62.0 8605 98.2 118.5 157.7 11 7932.0 3287.2
NL10617 56.3 56.5 112.6 165.0 56.5 8598 98.2 140.5 155.4 15 11047.3 3274.5
NL10633 52.1 53.0 107.4 179.1 53.0 8323 95.0 127.0 154.6 12 7950.9 2557.7
NL10644 50.8 51.3 113.6 173.9 51.3 8530 97.4 144.9 150.1 16 9674.7 2696.2
NL10722 49.9 48.6 117.0 159.8 48.6 8554 97.6 119.4 154.0 17 12904.0 3213.7
NL10738 54.0 54.4 120.4 171.9 54.4 8564 97.8 120.3 159.5 19 14716.5 3963.6
NL10807 52.4 51.7 115.0 160.9 51.7 8613 98.3 116.8 149.5 16 11862.3 3209.2
NL10818 54.7 54.9 108.8 166.0 54.9 8537 97.5 112.6 158.6 13 9539.0 2805.5
NL10918 58.9 59.5 105.9 172.0 59.5 8606 98.2 120.9 162.1 10 7848.6 2935.2
NL10929 54.8 54.8 109.1 161.2 54.8 8514 97.2 108.2 147.9 11 8912.9 3161.4
NL10934 60.8 61.0 106.9 166.8 61.0 8614 98.3 111.8 160.7 10 8041.7 3516.0
Urban Background
NL01485 48.7 50.5 104.9 167.4 50.5 8660 98.9 109.9 149.4 13 6093.4 2066.9
NL01494 46.8 48.3 107.2 172.8 48.3 8673 99.0 112.0 156.9 13 7386.6 2334.9
NL01495 46.9 46.5 104.7 195.4 46.5 8674 99.0 107.4 149.2 10 6616.7 2404.5
NL101334 51.3 52.6 114.8 156.7 52.6 8612 98.3 139.0 148.0 15 12069.6 3213.0
NL10138 56.8 57.8 119.0 166.4 57.8 8586 98.0 135.3 155.0 21 15268.8 4233.0
NL10241 54.2 54.5 119.8 192.5 54.5 8564 97.8 124.6 159.6 18 13734.0 3690.9
NL102474 54.3 54.3 121.9 161.3 54.3 8637 98.6 123.1 156.4 21 14878.5 3932.7
NL10404 57.6 60.0 114.2 177.6 60.0 8654 98.8 120.0 167.8 16 10241.9 3619.0
NL10418 52.1 53.1 114.0 180.7 53.1 8591 98.1 117.8 162.2 15 9968.8 3136.9
NL10442 53.2 54.0 116.2 177.6 54.0 8628 98.5 128.2 158.9 16 11751.7 3312.4
NL10446 54.5 56.6 118.4 183.0 56.6 8654 98.8 120.5 171.3 18 11837.6 3640.1
NL10643 54.8 54.9 120.3 179.1 54.9 8529 97.4 121.5 158.7 17 12917.3 3685.0
NL10742 53.6 53.5 120.9 184.7 53.5 8614 98.3 123.8 153.8 22 12912.6 3497.0
NL109384 58.2 58.4 110.2 171.5 58.4 8652 98.8 125.8 160.0 11 9016.8 3522.1
NL49003 55.6 57.1 111.1 192.3 57.1 8736 99.7 122.4 167.2 16 9096.3 3112.8
NL49014 54.7 55.5 115.9 196.1 55.5 8665 98.9 123.0 168.6 19 10921.0 3435.3
Roadside
NL01493 42.7 44.1 94.0 145.1 44.1 8722 99.6 98.9 130.8 4 3668.9 1259.0
NL10236 51.3 51.4 113.7 151.5 51.4 8648 98.7 116.0 142.7 13 10909.1 2864.3
NL10449 48.4 49.6 112.8 193.2 49.6 8624 98.4 123.4 160.3 15 9535.1 2811.3
NL10450 47.8 50.0 96.4 173.7 50.0 8617 98.4 100.6 152.9 4 5317.3 1913.9
NL10550 52.6 54.9 104.7 179.4 54.9 7980 91.1 119.8 164.7 9 6920.0 2487.4
NL10636 48.5 48.7 109.8 158.9 48.7 8574 97.9 112.2 144.4 14 8454.6 2403.7
NL10639 50.8 51.4 113.4 167.6 51.4 8653 98.8 115.9 146.9 16 10346.1 2877.9
NL10641 47.7 48.2 102.0 155.1 48.2 8403 95.9 132.8 138.5 12 6547.0 2015.7
NL49012 52.5 53.6 105.7 182.5 53.6 8705 99.4 111.2 153.6 10 7254.0 2509.0
Industrial
NL01496 49.9 50.2 103.6 187.9 50.2 8345 95.3 113.9 170.8 3 6155.3 2398.0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year
2 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h]
- Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h]
3 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO)
4 These sites are considered suburban background sites under the ozone directive
Table 10: Key concentration values for ozone in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual O3 means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 54.83 19
Urban Background 53.34 16
Roadside 49.16 9
Industrial 49.92 1
Table 11: Summary table for ozone in 2023 (in μg/m3)

None of the sites surpass the current target value of 25 or the future threshold of 18 times exceedance days per calendar year, averaged over 3 years (see the table below).

Number of exceedance days for O3
2021 2022 2023 average_3y1
Rural Background
NL10107 10 19 15 15
NL10131 9 14 17 13
NL10230 6 18 18 14
NL10235 6 - 15 10
NL10301 8 13 16 12
NL10318 6 13 16 12
NL10437 6 14 14 11
NL10444 10 15 18 14
NL10538 3 12 11 9
NL10617 5 7 15 9
NL10633 8 12 12 11
NL10644 7 13 16 12
NL10722 7 17 17 14
NL10738 9 19 19 16
NL10807 8 8 16 11
NL10818 9 10 13 11
NL10918 6 8 10 8
NL10929 9 12 11 11
NL10934 3 - 10 6
Urban Background
NL01485 5 7 13 8
NL01494 3 8 13 8
NL01495 5 10 10 8
NL10133 3 14 15 11
NL10138 6 19 21 15
NL10241 7 - 18 12
NL10247 10 12 21 14
NL10404 9 13 16 13
NL10418 6 12 15 11
NL10442 7 17 16 13
NL10446 5 14 18 12
NL10643 6 15 17 13
NL10742 9 14 22 15
NL10938 5 5 11 7
NL49003 2 12 16 10
NL49014 7 12 19 13
Roadside
NL01489 2 - - 2
NL01493 2 - 4 3
NL10236 9 12 13 11
NL10449 3 8 15 9
NL10550 2 11 9 7
NL10636 3 11 14 9
NL10639 4 10 16 10
NL10641 4 11 12 9
NL49012 2 5 10 6
NL10450 - - 4 4
Industrial
NL01496 2 10 3 5
* A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean
1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³
- Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year
Table 12: Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ in 2021, 2022 and 2023

2.5 Carbon monoxide

Maximum daily 8-hour means of carbon monoxide concentrations measured on three sites in Amsterdam did not surpass the limit value of 10000 µg/m³ on any day in 2023.

Key statistics for CO in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8 exc_100002
Urban Background
NL49014 327.4 328.2 540.4 1662.2 328.2 8691 99.2 642.4 814.2 0
Roadside
NL49007 289.1 255.4 641.0 1799.9 255.4 8615 98.3 871.4 1083.7 0
NL49012 316.6 294.2 625.2 1143.9 294.2 8715 99.5 723.8 865.1 0
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³
- Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year
Table 13: Key concentration values for carbon monoxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual CO means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Urban Background 327.35 1
Roadside 302.84 2
Table 14: Summary table for carbon monoxide in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.6 Black carbon

There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).

Key statistics for BC in 2023
mean P50 P98 max median n % max.roll.24 max.roll.8
Rural Background
NL01437 0.5 0.3 1.8 5.0 0.3 8729 99.6 3.5 4.4
NL10131 0.5 0.3 1.6 5.4 0.3 8739 99.8 2.0 2.4
NL10444 0.4 0.2 1.7 6.9 0.2 8616 98.4 3.0 3.8
NL10633 0.4 0.3 1.7 8.9 0.3 8348 95.3 2.9 3.7
NL10644 0.5 0.4 2.1 7.7 0.4 8675 99.0 3.7 5.4
NL10807 0.4 0.3 1.3 6.7 0.3 8738 99.7 2.0 3.7
NL10929 0.4 0.3 1.5 8.8 0.3 8725 99.6 2.8 5.7
Urban Background
NL01488 0.6 0.5 2.1 8.3 0.5 8692 99.2 4.6 6.9
NL01494 0.7 0.5 2.9 9.7 0.5 8728 99.6 5.9 7.2
NL10138 0.5 0.4 2.1 9.4 0.4 8685 99.1 4.0 4.5
NL10247 0.6 0.4 2.6 9.8 0.4 8335 95.1 4.1 5.8
NL10742 0.6 0.4 1.9 6.0 0.4 7954 90.8 2.6 3.0
NL10821 0.5 0.3 1.9 7.3 0.3 8712 99.5 5.5 5.4
NL10938 0.3 0.2 1.3 4.7 0.2 8709 99.4 2.3 3.5
NL49003 0.5 0.4 2.0 5.5 0.4 8636 98.6 3.6 4.7
NL49014 0.5 0.4 1.8 8.3 0.4 8564 97.8 3.6 5.2
NL49701 0.6 0.4 2.4 9.4 0.4 8715 99.5 5.0 6.7
Roadside
NL01487 1.0 0.8 3.2 10.1 0.8 8671 99.0 6.5 9.1
NL01491 0.8 0.6 2.9 8.6 0.6 8748 99.9 4.6 5.7
NL01493 1.1 0.9 3.7 10.6 0.9 8744 99.8 6.5 8.6
NL10237 0.9 0.7 2.9 10.5 0.7 8731 99.7 4.2 6.3
NL10641 0.6 0.5 2.1 6.4 0.5 8702 99.3 3.1 3.4
NL10741 0.8 0.7 2.4 6.5 0.7 8565 97.8 2.9 4.1
NL49007 0.9 0.7 2.7 10.0 0.7 8723 99.6 4.8 6.4
NL49012 0.7 0.5 2.3 9.2 0.5 8750 99.9 3.9 5.4
NL49017 0.7 0.6 2.3 6.3 0.6 8687 99.2 4.0 5.1
NL49020 0.8 0.7 2.7 9.2 0.7 8741 99.8 4.7 6.6
Industrial
NL01496 0.6 0.5 2.5 7.4 0.5 8620 98.4 4.4 5.3
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 15: Key concentration values for black carbon in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual BC means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.43 7
Urban Background 0.54 10
Roadside 0.83 10
Industrial 0.62 1
Table 16: Summary table for black carbon in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.7 Volatile organic compounds

All of the measured annual benzene concentrations were in compliance with the European limit values and also below the WHO AQG of 1.7 µg/m³. For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.

Key statistics for benzene in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 0.31 0.24 1.03 1.78 0.24 359 98.36
Urban Background
NL01485 0.37 0.35 0.70 0.83 0.35 35 9.59
NL01495 0.49 0.33 1.83 23.60 0.33 358 98.08
NL10643 0.24 0.21 0.58 0.98 0.21 300 82.19
Roadside
NL49017 0.41 0.37 0.96 1.69 0.37 354 96.99
Industrial
NL01484 0.76 0.58 2.56 6.11 0.58 362 99.18
NL01496 0.34 0.30 0.90 1.36 0.30 360 98.63
NL49557 0.24 0.15 0.96 1.79 0.15 351 96.16
NL49704 0.38 0.27 1.47 2.25 0.27 357 97.81
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC)
and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC)
Table 17: Key concentration values for benzene in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual benzene means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.31 1
Urban Background 0.49 1
Roadside 0.41 1
Industrial 0.43 4
Table 18: Summary table for benzene in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Key statistics for toluene in 2023
mean P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL49703 0.71 0.40 3.18 7.94 0.40 358 98.08
Urban Background
NL01485 1.43 1.14 3.10 7.79 1.14 35 9.59
NL01495 0.80 0.54 3.32 14.96 0.54 358 98.08
NL10643 0.51 0.40 1.83 3.20 0.40 300 82.19
Roadside
NL49017 1.18 0.99 3.30 5.25 1.00 354 96.99
Industrial
NL01484 1.47 0.92 6.88 27.48 0.92 362 99.18
NL01496 0.44 0.35 1.52 2.44 0.35 361 98.90
NL49557 0.25 0.16 0.99 1.90 0.16 351 96.16
NL49704 1.09 0.54 5.08 7.91 0.54 357 97.81
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85%
Table 19: Key concentration values for toluene in 2023 (in μg/m3)
Annual toluene means per station type in 2023
type mean n
Rural Background 0.71 1
Urban Background 0.80 1
Roadside 1.18 1
Industrial 0.81 4
Table 20: Summary table for toluene in 2023 (in μg/m3)

2.8 Heavy metals

The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling. All of the annual mean concentrations comply with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for Pb in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 2.6 2.1 8.5 13.2 2.1 147 40.3 PM10
NL10644 2.8 2.0 9.1 14.7 2.1 86 23.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 21: Key concentration values for lead in 2023 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for As in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.4 0.3 1.0 1.4 0.3 143 39.2 PM10
NL10644 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.4 0.3 85 23.3 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 22: Key concentration values for arsenic in 2023 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Cd in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.1 0 0.2 0.2 0 147 40.3 PM10
NL10644 0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0 86 23.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 23: Key concentration values for cadmium in 2023 (in ng/m3)
Key statistics for Ni in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n % filter_type
Rural Background
NL10627 0.6 0.5 1.7 1.9 0.5 147 40.3 PM10
NL10644 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.5 0.4 86 23.6 PM2.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 24: Key concentration values for nickel in 2023 (in ng/m3)
Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2023
component mean n
As 0.33 2
Cd 0.06 2
Ni 0.52 2
Pb 2.71 2
Table 25: Summary table for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel in 2023 (in ng/m3)

2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2023 are given in the following table. The annual means were in compliance with the EU and WHO limit values.

Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2023
mean1 P50 P98 max median n %
Rural Background
NL10444 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.18 0.01 178 48.8
Urban Background
NL10418 0.04 0.03 0.23 0.24 0.03 177 48.5
Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30%
1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value
Table 26: Key concentration values for benzo(a)pyrene in 2023 (in ng/m3)

3 Discussion

For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.

4 References

Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values

The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L086.

component accreditation_numbera averaging_period EU_limit_value EU_limit_value_revised WHO_AQG
NO2 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 10
PM10 L520, L224, L426 year 40 20 15
PM10 L520, L224, L426 day 50 max 35×b 45 max 18×b 45 max 3-4×b
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 year 25 10 5
PM2.5 L520, L224, L426 day
25 max 18×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 max_8_h 120 max 25×b 120 max 18×b,c 100 max 3-4×b
O3 L520, L224, L426 peak_season

60
SO2 L520, L224, L426 day 125 max 3× 50 max 18× 40
SO2 L520, L224, L426 year
20b
CO L426 max_8_h 10000 10000 10000
CO L426 day
4000 max 18×b 4000 max 3-4×b
benzene L520, L426 year 5 3.4 1.7
Pb sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.5 0.5 0.5
As sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.006 0.006 0.066
Cd sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.005 0.005 0.005
Ni sampling L224/analysis L086 year 0.02 0.02 0.025
benzo(a)pyrene L224 year 0.001 0.001 0.12
a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L086 is Eurofins Omegan B.V. analytical laboratory
b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year
- For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year
c Averaged over 3 years
Table 27: Accreditation information and limit values in μg/m3 from EU Directives 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC (EU_limit_value),
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)