Air quality measurements in the Netherlands 2024
RIVM Annual report
Note
Please note that this report is not definitive as not all statistics are available yet at the time of writing. The winter means for sulphur dioxide will be added in the final version.
1 Air quality monitoring network in the Netherlands
Air quality in the Netherlands is monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network (LML), which is administered by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in collaboration with its regional partners. The resulting data provide a detailed picture of air quality and the concentrations of the various pollutants at the monitoring stations.
This annual report gives an overview of the key measurement values for specific pollutants in 2024 from measurements by RIVM and two of its regional partners DCMR Environmental Protection Agency (DCMR) and The Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM under L224 in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L086. See Appendix A for an overview of all the accreditation certificate numbers for the measurements in this report. Appendix A also includes an overview of ambient air quality limit values. Besides the current limit values from the 2008/50/EC and 2004/107/EC directives, this report will take into account the revised EU directive (2024/2881) on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe and, in some occasions, the Air Quality Guideline (AQG) levels from the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2021.
The air quality monitoring sites have specific encoding for EU reporting, where all sites in the Netherlands start with NL, followed by 10 for RIVM sites (L224), 01 for DCMR measurement sites (L520) and 49 for sites from GGD Amsterdam (L426). The remaining 3 numbers denote the unique monitoring site. When hovering over the site codes in this report’s tables, the Dutch site name and location along with the responsible monitoring network will show up. For more information on the monitoring sites (including coordinates), monitoring instruments, and sampling practices, please consult the metadata on the LML data catalog on the public RIVM website. For additional information including measurement uncertainties, see the accompanying README.
2 Key concentration values per component
The upcoming tables contain the key statistics per component for 2024, where mean is the yearly averaged concentration - based on either hourly or daily (24-h) values, P50 and P98 denote the 50th and 98th percentile, max is the maximum measured concentration value, n is the number of valid data points in hours or days, % is the percentage of valid data, max.roll.24 denotes the maximum value of the rolling 24-h mean and max.roll.8 of the 8-h mean. All of these values are in µg/m³ unless otherwise specified and with the exception of values for lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, which are in ng/m3. Columns that are colored in red indicate an exceedance of the EU limit values from 2008/50/EC or 2004/107/EC, orange represents an exceedance of the revised EU limit values from EU Directive 2024/2881. For several pollutants, additional columns have been added relating to component-specific target values. The summary tables where the annual means have been grouped by site type, only contain yearly averages where data capture meets EU requirements.
Most numbers in this report have been rounded to one decimal place and where deemed logical, to 0 or 2 decimal places. However, for testing against the limit values, the rounding practices of the limit values in the relevant EU Directives have been taken into account, of which most are a whole number. Key statistics rounded to more decimal places than in this report are available on the RIVM public data catalog for air quality measurements, as well as the underlying hourly and daily data.
For some pollutants, relevant statistics are also plotted on an interactive map to provide a quick overview of the concentration distribution throughout the Netherlands and compliance with limit values, and to view specific stations more easily. Every dot represents an individual station and clicking on it will bring up a pop-up with the site code and name, the responsible network, the site type, the component, and the relevant value for that component. Please note that the colors do not necessarily match the colors in the tables of the key statistics. Instead, where possible, the same color categories have been used as the European Environment Agency (EEA) applies in their maps for easier comparison with European data. Only stations with at least 85% of valid data have been included in the maps.
2.1 Nitrogen dioxide
In 2024, the nitrogen dioxide concentrations at all measurement locations were in compliance with the higher limit value applicable at the time. A more stringent limit value for nitrogen dioxide of 20 μg/m3 will enter into effect in 2030. Most monitoring stations near busy roads, for example in and around Amsterdam and Rotterdam, currently do not meet this limit value. None of the measured hours exceed the threshold of 200 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard. A total of 15 sites meet the WHO guideline of a maximum annual average of 10 μg/m3.
| Key statistics for NO2 in 2024 | ||||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | exc_2002 | max.roll.24 | max.roll.8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||||||||
NL01497 |
14.8 | 8.9 | 66.3 | 117.1 | 8.9 | 6879 | 78.3 | 0 | 75.0 | 87.4 |
NL10107 |
9.7 | 7.9 | 29.7 | 71.8 | 7.9 | 8619 | 98.1 | 0 | 51.1 | 65.7 |
NL10131 |
10.3 | 8.1 | 32.0 | 65.3 | 8.1 | 8696 | 99.0 | 0 | 38.6 | 48.9 |
NL10133 |
7.6 | 6.0 | 25.5 | 70.1 | 6.0 | 8525 | 97.1 | 0 | 41.1 | 51.8 |
NL10230 |
11.4 | 8.7 | 37.1 | 175.0 | 8.7 | 8738 | 99.5 | 0 | 51.0 | 119.2 |
NL10235 |
11.2 | 9.0 | 37.0 | 81.9 | 9.0 | 8646 | 98.4 | 0 | 40.6 | 48.8 |
NL10246 |
11.2 | 9.1 | 33.8 | 76.3 | 9.1 | 8676 | 98.8 | 0 | 41.9 | 55.3 |
NL10248 |
10.9 | 8.5 | 33.7 | 88.8 | 8.5 | 8687 | 98.9 | 0 | 46.9 | 58.9 |
NL10301 |
9.7 | 7.3 | 33.8 | 69.1 | 7.3 | 8691 | 98.9 | 0 | 39.9 | 55.9 |
NL10318 |
9.8 | 7.0 | 35.1 | 74.8 | 7.0 | 8683 | 98.8 | 0 | 43.0 | 60.4 |
NL10437 |
11.7 | 9.4 | 36.5 | 68.3 | 9.4 | 8367 | 95.3 | 0 | 48.1 | 57.3 |
NL10444 |
9.5 | 7.2 | 35.1 | 63.6 | 7.2 | 8725 | 99.3 | 0 | 41.8 | 50.6 |
NL10538 |
10.1 | 6.2 | 43.0 | 121.6 | 6.2 | 8679 | 98.8 | 0 | 55.1 | 72.2 |
NL10617 |
7.2 | 5.7 | 24.0 | 46.3 | 5.7 | 8720 | 99.3 | 0 | 29.8 | 33.9 |
NL10633 |
9.6 | 7.6 | 31.2 | 66.7 | 7.6 | 8675 | 98.8 | 0 | 38.5 | 58.7 |
NL10644 |
10.8 | 8.7 | 32.1 | 68.9 | 8.7 | 8634 | 98.3 | 0 | 37.7 | 49.2 |
NL10722 |
8.6 | 7.0 | 26.2 | 55.4 | 7.0 | 8628 | 98.2 | 0 | 40.8 | 49.2 |
NL10738 |
8.8 | 7.1 | 26.8 | 95.0 | 7.1 | 8626 | 98.2 | 0 | 28.3 | 36.4 |
NL10807 |
7.6 | 6.3 | 22.8 | 43.1 | 6.3 | 7151 | 81.4 | 0 | 28.9 | 32.5 |
NL10818 |
6.9 | 5.7 | 21.4 | 42.6 | 5.7 | 8720 | 99.3 | 0 | 28.8 | 33.2 |
NL10918 |
6.1 | 4.7 | 22.3 | 47.5 | 4.7 | 8645 | 98.4 | 0 | 34.4 | 42.8 |
NL10929 |
6.1 | 5.0 | 20.1 | 40.6 | 5.0 | 8724 | 99.3 | 0 | 24.3 | 33.0 |
NL10934 |
5.2 | 4.2 | 16.6 | 47.9 | 4.2 | 8572 | 97.6 | 0 | 30.8 | 41.2 |
NL49680 |
9.2 | 7.2 | 30.7 | 47.2 | 7.2 | 6013 | 68.5 | 0 | 42.2 | 43.4 |
NL49703 |
12.9 | 9.8 | 43.2 | 70.7 | 9.8 | 8765 | 99.8 | 0 | 45.6 | 55.5 |
| Urban Background | ||||||||||
NL01485 |
18.8 | 15.3 | 56.0 | 107.4 | 15.3 | 8568 | 97.5 | 0 | 60.7 | 74.1 |
NL01488 |
17.8 | 14.3 | 56.8 | 124.3 | 14.3 | 8762 | 99.8 | 0 | 57.8 | 77.7 |
NL01494 |
22.6 | 19.5 | 61.2 | 120.0 | 19.5 | 8746 | 99.6 | 0 | 58.9 | 81.9 |
NL01495 |
23.9 | 21.1 | 61.9 | 116.1 | 21.1 | 8595 | 97.8 | 0 | 62.0 | 87.3 |
NL01912 |
18.2 | 15.4 | 48.7 | 95.7 | 15.4 | 8706 | 99.1 | 0 | 60.9 | 76.0 |
NL10138 |
9.6 | 7.4 | 31.1 | 72.5 | 7.4 | 8735 | 99.4 | 0 | 45.7 | 55.3 |
NL10241 |
13.6 | 10.8 | 42.4 | 78.8 | 10.8 | 8756 | 99.7 | 0 | 54.9 | 61.6 |
NL10247 |
10.5 | 8.2 | 33.8 | 55.0 | 8.2 | 8630 | 98.2 | 0 | 43.6 | 51.1 |
NL10404 |
17.9 | 13.6 | 59.8 | 97.2 | 13.6 | 8725 | 99.3 | 0 | 56.7 | 71.0 |
NL10418 |
20.1 | 16.9 | 54.8 | 102.3 | 16.9 | 8637 | 98.3 | 0 | 57.2 | 75.4 |
NL10442 |
13.7 | 11.1 | 41.1 | 114.4 | 11.1 | 8698 | 99.0 | 0 | 55.4 | 65.1 |
NL10446 |
17.0 | 13.4 | 52.6 | 99.7 | 13.4 | 8736 | 99.5 | 0 | 53.2 | 69.8 |
NL10643 |
12.8 | 10.2 | 38.4 | 75.4 | 10.2 | 8674 | 98.7 | 0 | 44.3 | 63.5 |
NL10742 |
14.3 | 11.7 | 41.8 | 77.3 | 11.7 | 8536 | 97.2 | 0 | 52.9 | 60.5 |
NL10938 |
6.4 | 5.1 | 20.6 | 54.9 | 5.1 | 8693 | 99.0 | 0 | 29.5 | 40.5 |
NL49003 |
14.7 | 12.0 | 45.1 | 79.0 | 12.0 | 8668 | 98.7 | 0 | 46.0 | 60.1 |
NL49014 |
15.3 | 12.7 | 44.2 | 87.6 | 12.7 | 8741 | 99.5 | 0 | 52.9 | 69.7 |
NL49019 |
18.2 | 15.2 | 50.7 | 94.1 | 15.2 | 8771 | 99.9 | 0 | 61.2 | 72.5 |
NL49021 |
13.2 | 10.8 | 38.9 | 75.6 | 10.8 | 8733 | 99.4 | 0 | 40.6 | 55.5 |
NL49022 |
14.4 | 11.2 | 45.6 | 97.0 | 11.2 | 8749 | 99.6 | 0 | 50.5 | 66.8 |
NL49701 |
15.4 | 11.7 | 49.3 | 79.5 | 11.7 | 8745 | 99.6 | 0 | 50.4 | 63.4 |
| Roadside | ||||||||||
NL01487 |
26.9 | 23.6 | 65.9 | 123.7 | 23.6 | 7630 | 86.9 | 0 | 71.0 | 90.9 |
NL01489 |
22.7 | 20.3 | 57.6 | 100.6 | 20.3 | 8700 | 99.0 | 0 | 65.1 | 85.9 |
NL01491 |
24.0 | 21.0 | 62.1 | 92.8 | 21.0 | 8761 | 99.7 | 0 | 61.1 | 85.4 |
NL01493 |
25.1 | 22.1 | 62.4 | 121.7 | 22.1 | 8764 | 99.8 | 0 | 66.9 | 89.5 |
NL10136 |
15.0 | 12.7 | 43.7 | 75.0 | 12.7 | 8768 | 99.8 | 0 | 48.8 | 60.7 |
NL10236 |
14.6 | 12.2 | 40.5 | 65.3 | 12.2 | 8550 | 97.3 | 0 | 50.9 | 55.8 |
NL10237 |
17.1 | 14.9 | 46.0 | 69.0 | 14.9 | 8504 | 96.8 | 0 | 51.8 | 57.9 |
NL10240 |
20.4 | 18.1 | 52.3 | 93.5 | 18.1 | 8711 | 99.2 | 0 | 62.4 | 70.3 |
NL10445 |
20.9 | 17.9 | 57.6 | 104.5 | 17.9 | 8729 | 99.4 | 0 | 54.4 | 83.1 |
NL10449 |
24.5 | 21.6 | 61.3 | 99.8 | 21.6 | 8619 | 98.1 | 0 | 58.6 | 75.7 |
NL10450 |
25.3 | 22.9 | 64.9 | 104.0 | 22.9 | 8579 | 97.7 | 0 | 62.9 | 89.3 |
NL10550 |
15.7 | 13.2 | 45.6 | 87.7 | 13.2 | 8645 | 98.4 | 0 | 50.3 | 62.0 |
NL10636 |
15.7 | 13.3 | 44.3 | 88.2 | 13.3 | 8752 | 99.6 | 0 | 51.3 | 69.8 |
NL10639 |
18.1 | 15.3 | 50.2 | 85.6 | 15.4 | 8738 | 99.5 | 0 | 52.2 | 64.8 |
NL10641 |
16.8 | 14.7 | 42.7 | 69.0 | 14.7 | 8732 | 99.4 | 0 | 50.5 | 57.2 |
NL10741 |
19.6 | 17.1 | 50.8 | 91.2 | 17.1 | 8746 | 99.6 | 0 | 56.8 | 67.8 |
NL10937 |
14.4 | 12.6 | 38.2 | 75.3 | 12.6 | 8671 | 98.7 | 0 | 46.8 | 58.1 |
NL49002 |
25.1 | 22.8 | 59.9 | 94.9 | 22.8 | 8769 | 99.8 | 0 | 64.4 | 71.6 |
NL49007 |
29.8 | 27.2 | 71.6 | 107.3 | 27.2 | 8774 | 99.9 | 0 | 74.5 | 84.7 |
NL49012 |
21.7 | 18.8 | 58.5 | 106.6 | 18.8 | 8609 | 98.0 | 0 | 66.8 | 81.9 |
NL49017 |
21.4 | 18.9 | 52.6 | 100.3 | 18.9 | 8743 | 99.5 | 0 | 65.5 | 80.8 |
NL49020 |
24.4 | 21.4 | 62.1 | 105.8 | 21.4 | 8565 | 97.5 | 0 | 71.7 | 86.9 |
| Industrial | ||||||||||
NL01496 |
22.4 | 19.5 | 66.9 | 147.5 | 19.5 | 8644 | 98.4 | 0 | 76.4 | 108.2 |
NL01913 |
14.0 | 11.0 | 45.9 | 87.9 | 11.0 | 8749 | 99.6 | 0 | 50.0 | 58.2 |
NL49704 |
21.1 | 17.3 | 60.8 | 97.3 | 17.3 | 8671 | 98.7 | 0 | 55.0 | 69.5 |
| * Hovering over the station code will show the site name, location and responsible monitoring network | ||||||||||
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | ||||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC) and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC) |
||||||||||
| 2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 200 µg/m³ - Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 18 times (red) per calendar year |
||||||||||
| Annual NO2 means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 9.3 | 22 |
| Urban Background | 15.6 | 21 |
| Roadside | 20.6 | 21 |
| Industrial | 19.2 | 3 |
2.2 Particulate matter
Concentrations of particulate matter in 2024 were in compliance with the European limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 applicable at that time. Most sites also meet the revised PM limit values from the EU directive. The majority of sites do not meet the WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, except for PM10 for most rural background sites.
| Key statistics for PM10 in 2024 | ||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | exc_50_d2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||||||
NL01497 |
14.2 | 12.6 | 33.4 | 41.0 | 12.6 | 357 | 97.5 | 0 |
NL10131 |
15.1 | 13.1 | 34.7 | 55.6 | 13.1 | 358 | 97.8 | 1 |
NL10133 |
13.3 | 11.9 | 29.1 | 39.3 | 11.9 | 365 | 99.7 | 0 |
NL10230 |
14.6 | 13.1 | 32.6 | 39.0 | 13.1 | 362 | 98.9 | 0 |
NL10235 |
14.3 | 12.9 | 30.6 | 40.7 | 12.9 | 358 | 97.8 | 0 |
NL10246 |
13.4 | 12.2 | 30.4 | 39.1 | 12.2 | 357 | 97.5 | 0 |
NL10248 |
13.0 | 11.4 | 28.5 | 42.8 | 11.4 | 362 | 98.9 | 0 |
NL10318 |
14.2 | 12.7 | 32.4 | 50.2 | 12.7 | 358 | 97.8 | 0 |
NL10437 |
13.7 | 12.6 | 29.6 | 44.8 | 12.6 | 345 | 94.3 | 0 |
NL10444 |
14.0 | 12.5 | 32.6 | 47.4 | 12.5 | 357 | 97.5 | 0 |
NL10538 |
13.0 | 11.7 | 29.1 | 33.1 | 11.8 | 360 | 98.4 | 0 |
NL10617 |
12.6 | 11.0 | 28.6 | 36.3 | 11.0 | 359 | 98.1 | 0 |
NL10633 |
12.9 | 11.5 | 27.9 | 43.3 | 11.6 | 354 | 96.7 | 0 |
NL10644 |
14.1 | 13.0 | 31.3 | 44.3 | 13.0 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL10722 |
13.6 | 12.7 | 28.2 | 38.8 | 12.7 | 357 | 97.5 | 0 |
NL10738 |
14.5 | 13.0 | 31.0 | 37.9 | 13.0 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL10807 |
13.4 | 11.8 | 32.1 | 41.8 | 11.8 | 348 | 95.1 | 0 |
NL10818 |
13.1 | 11.4 | 32.0 | 37.7 | 11.4 | 363 | 99.2 | 0 |
NL10918 |
11.5 | 10.0 | 28.5 | 32.5 | 10.0 | 360 | 98.4 | 0 |
NL10929 |
12.2 | 10.6 | 27.7 | 39.5 | 10.6 | 359 | 98.1 | 0 |
NL10934 |
13.0 | 11.2 | 32.5 | 41.2 | 11.2 | 355 | 97.0 | 0 |
NL49680 |
13.7 | 12.6 | 30.1 | 43.5 | 12.6 | 252 | 68.9 | 0 |
NL49703 |
14.6 | 12.9 | 32.1 | 48.2 | 12.9 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
| Urban Background | ||||||||
NL01485 |
16.4 | 13.8 | 36.9 | 133.6 | 13.8 | 358 | 97.8 | 1 |
NL01488 |
15.9 | 14.0 | 34.1 | 55.7 | 14.0 | 366 | 100.0 | 1 |
NL01494 |
16.5 | 14.7 | 34.3 | 48.3 | 14.7 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL01495 |
14.8 | 13.0 | 33.7 | 46.6 | 13.0 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL01912 |
15.4 | 13.4 | 33.6 | 47.7 | 13.4 | 364 | 99.5 | 0 |
NL10138 |
14.3 | 13.3 | 32.8 | 50.1 | 13.3 | 344 | 94.0 | 0 |
NL10241 |
16.9 | 14.9 | 36.6 | 53.1 | 15.0 | 362 | 98.9 | 1 |
NL10247 |
15.8 | 14.2 | 34.2 | 47.7 | 14.2 | 361 | 98.6 | 0 |
NL10404 |
16.9 | 15.2 | 37.9 | 60.2 | 15.2 | 365 | 99.7 | 1 |
NL10418 |
18.1 | 16.7 | 39.1 | 50.6 | 16.7 | 363 | 99.2 | 1 |
NL10442 |
14.8 | 13.5 | 31.1 | 40.6 | 13.5 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL10446 |
14.0 | 12.9 | 30.7 | 48.3 | 12.9 | 312 | 85.2 | 0 |
NL49014 |
15.8 | 14.3 | 31.1 | 43.8 | 14.3 | 358 | 97.8 | 0 |
NL49016 |
15.1 | 13.5 | 30.7 | 45.0 | 13.5 | 361 | 98.6 | 0 |
NL49701 |
14.7 | 13.5 | 29.8 | 44.8 | 13.5 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
| Roadside | ||||||||
NL01487 |
17.4 | 15.4 | 36.8 | 47.7 | 15.4 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL01489 |
16.5 | 14.6 | 35.0 | 46.8 | 14.6 | 364 | 99.5 | 0 |
NL01491 |
16.8 | 14.8 | 37.8 | 57.8 | 14.8 | 366 | 100.0 | 1 |
NL01493 |
16.3 | 14.4 | 33.6 | 46.1 | 14.4 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL10136 |
13.8 | 12.5 | 33.2 | 47.8 | 12.5 | 363 | 99.2 | 0 |
NL10236 |
15.5 | 13.8 | 32.7 | 40.2 | 13.8 | 338 | 92.3 | 0 |
NL10237 |
17.4 | 15.9 | 35.6 | 45.9 | 15.9 | 354 | 96.7 | 0 |
NL10240 |
15.8 | 14.6 | 32.2 | 48.4 | 14.6 | 357 | 97.5 | 0 |
NL10445 |
17.6 | 16.1 | 37.4 | 50.7 | 16.1 | 363 | 99.2 | 1 |
NL10449 |
19.2 | 17.3 | 41.7 | 63.7 | 17.3 | 362 | 98.9 | 2 |
NL10450 |
19.0 | 17.1 | 40.7 | 54.7 | 17.1 | 359 | 98.1 | 1 |
NL10550 |
17.6 | 15.7 | 39.4 | 60.4 | 15.8 | 362 | 98.9 | 1 |
NL10636 |
14.7 | 13.3 | 31.2 | 40.9 | 13.3 | 360 | 98.4 | 0 |
NL10639 |
15.9 | 14.5 | 33.8 | 48.4 | 14.5 | 365 | 99.7 | 0 |
NL10641 |
14.0 | 12.8 | 29.3 | 41.1 | 12.8 | 354 | 96.7 | 0 |
NL10741 |
16.9 | 15.6 | 35.4 | 43.3 | 15.6 | 365 | 99.7 | 0 |
NL10937 |
16.9 | 14.9 | 39.6 | 49.1 | 14.9 | 357 | 97.5 | 0 |
NL49007 |
17.2 | 15.6 | 34.1 | 45.7 | 15.6 | 363 | 99.2 | 0 |
NL49012 |
15.6 | 14.2 | 32.0 | 43.9 | 14.3 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL49017 |
13.5 | 12.3 | 27.6 | 37.9 | 12.3 | 356 | 97.3 | 0 |
NL49020 |
15.2 | 13.9 | 32.3 | 45.5 | 13.9 | 359 | 98.1 | 0 |
| Industrial | ||||||||
NL01496 |
16.3 | 14.3 | 35.6 | 50.3 | 14.4 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL01913 |
17.8 | 15.1 | 43.9 | 48.5 | 15.2 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
NL49557 |
18.6 | 17.7 | 33.6 | 41.4 | 17.7 | 351 | 95.9 | 0 |
NL49704 |
13.6 | 12.0 | 28.5 | 39.7 | 12.0 | 366 | 100.0 | 0 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | ||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC) and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC) |
||||||||
| 2 Number of days where concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³ - Red color indicates exceedance of > 35 times per calendar year |
||||||||
| Annual PM10 means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 13.6 | 22 |
| Urban Background | 15.8 | 14 |
| Roadside | 16.3 | 21 |
| Industrial | 16.6 | 4 |
| Key statistics for PM2.5 in 2024 | |||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | |||||||
NL01497 |
7.7 | 6.1 | 24.4 | 31.3 | 6.1 | 357 | 97.5 |
NL10131 |
8.6 | 7.4 | 22.3 | 28.2 | 7.4 | 345 | 94.3 |
NL10230 |
10.6 | 9.5 | 25.3 | 36.0 | 9.5 | 361 | 98.6 |
NL10248 |
9.9 | 8.8 | 26.5 | 34.0 | 8.8 | 331 | 90.4 |
NL10444 |
7.1 | 6.1 | 22.1 | 27.1 | 6.1 | 358 | 97.8 |
NL10538 |
6.8 | 5.9 | 19.6 | 25.2 | 5.9 | 355 | 97.0 |
NL10644 |
8.8 | 7.9 | 23.3 | 30.4 | 7.9 | 339 | 92.6 |
NL10738 |
7.6 | 6.3 | 22.4 | 28.4 | 6.3 | 361 | 98.6 |
NL10934 |
6.2 | 5.2 | 19.9 | 27.3 | 5.2 | 348 | 95.1 |
NL49680 |
7.8 | 6.5 | 21.8 | 34.3 | 6.5 | 252 | 68.9 |
NL49703 |
8.1 | 6.5 | 23.5 | 37.4 | 6.5 | 366 | 100.0 |
| Urban Background | |||||||
NL01485 |
8.6 | 6.7 | 25.9 | 32.1 | 6.7 | 358 | 97.8 |
NL01488 |
8.6 | 7.0 | 24.2 | 34.0 | 7.1 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL01494 |
8.8 | 7.1 | 25.3 | 33.5 | 7.1 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL01495 |
8.0 | 6.4 | 25.3 | 31.1 | 6.4 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL01912 |
8.5 | 6.8 | 22.7 | 33.8 | 6.8 | 364 | 99.5 |
NL10138 |
7.4 | 6.3 | 22.8 | 35.3 | 6.3 | 356 | 97.3 |
NL10241 |
9.8 | 8.3 | 24.2 | 31.7 | 8.4 | 354 | 96.7 |
NL10247 |
9.4 | 8.3 | 25.8 | 35.5 | 8.3 | 315 | 86.1 |
NL10404 |
7.4 | 5.7 | 25.6 | 30.6 | 5.7 | 341 | 93.2 |
NL10418 |
7.8 | 6.5 | 22.1 | 29.0 | 6.5 | 350 | 95.6 |
NL10643 |
9.3 | 8.5 | 23.1 | 28.2 | 8.6 | 362 | 98.9 |
NL10742 |
8.2 | 7.0 | 22.4 | 25.9 | 7.0 | 358 | 97.8 |
NL10821 |
6.1 | 4.7 | 19.8 | 26.2 | 4.7 | 335 | 91.5 |
NL10938 |
6.3 | 4.9 | 23.8 | 31.3 | 4.9 | 333 | 91.0 |
NL49014 |
8.6 | 7.6 | 23.0 | 33.5 | 7.6 | 361 | 98.6 |
NL49016 |
8.5 | 6.5 | 23.7 | 36.3 | 6.5 | 351 | 95.9 |
NL49701 |
8.2 | 6.6 | 23.3 | 34.8 | 6.6 | 366 | 100.0 |
| Roadside | |||||||
NL01487 |
9.5 | 7.9 | 26.0 | 32.8 | 8.0 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL01489 |
8.7 | 6.9 | 25.3 | 33.3 | 7.0 | 364 | 99.5 |
NL01491 |
8.8 | 7.0 | 25.9 | 33.8 | 7.0 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL01493 |
8.4 | 6.8 | 24.2 | 31.8 | 6.8 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL10136 |
7.0 | 5.7 | 21.8 | 36.8 | 5.7 | 344 | 94.0 |
NL10240 |
8.1 | 6.6 | 24.1 | 30.8 | 6.6 | 359 | 98.1 |
NL10449 |
8.9 | 7.6 | 26.2 | 61.4 | 7.6 | 359 | 98.1 |
NL10450 |
9.6 | 8.2 | 26.4 | 30.5 | 8.2 | 363 | 99.2 |
NL10636 |
9.2 | 8.1 | 23.2 | 31.0 | 8.1 | 360 | 98.4 |
NL10641 |
10.1 | 8.7 | 25.4 | 32.1 | 8.7 | 363 | 99.2 |
NL10741 |
10.5 | 9.8 | 24.8 | 27.7 | 9.9 | 356 | 97.3 |
NL10937 |
7.7 | 6.7 | 19.5 | 28.5 | 6.7 | 358 | 97.8 |
NL49007 |
8.8 | 7.5 | 22.9 | 34.4 | 7.5 | 355 | 97.0 |
NL49012 |
8.5 | 6.7 | 23.2 | 35.3 | 6.7 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL49017 |
10.1 | 8.7 | 23.0 | 34.7 | 8.7 | 362 | 98.9 |
| Industrial | |||||||
NL01496 |
9.0 | 7.1 | 28.1 | 34.4 | 7.1 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL01913 |
9.8 | 7.7 | 31.8 | 35.7 | 7.7 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL49557 |
10.0 | 8.9 | 25.3 | 32.4 | 8.9 | 351 | 95.9 |
NL49704 |
7.5 | 6.2 | 21.9 | 31.6 | 6.2 | 366 | 100.0 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | |||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC) and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC) |
|||||||
| Annual PM2.5 means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 8.2 | 10 |
| Urban Background | 8.1 | 16 |
| Roadside | 8.9 | 15 |
| Industrial | 9.1 | 4 |
| Statistics to determine the AEI for PM2.5 | ||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | average_3y | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban Background | ||||
NL01494 |
10.0 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 9.2 |
NL10138 |
7.5 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 7.1 |
NL10247 |
10.6 | 10.2 | - | 10.4 |
NL10404 |
7.4 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.2 |
NL10418 |
8.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 8.1 |
NL10643 |
10.4 | 7.5 | 9.3 | 9.1 |
NL10742 |
10.0 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.9 |
NL10821 |
7.4 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 |
NL10938 |
8.2 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.8 |
NL49014 |
9.6 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 8.7 |
NL49701 |
9.2 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 8.7 |
NL10241 |
- | 7.7 | 9.8 | 8.7 |
| * A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean | ||||
The Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) for PM2.5 assesses the general population’s long-term exposure to fine particles in urban areas and is based on a 3-year average measured at urban background stations. The AEI in year 2024 is 8.3 µg/m³.
| Key statistics for UFP in 2024 | |||||||||
| mean | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | max.roll.24 | max.roll.8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | |||||||||
NL49680 |
5294 | 5100 | 11670 | 21540 | 5100 | 4141 | 47.1 | 10827 | 13739 |
| Urban Background | |||||||||
NL01494 |
13366 | 11874 | 34313 | 59997 | 11874 | 7778 | 88.5 | 36808 | 40885 |
NL49022 |
12282 | 9230 | 42980 | 208690 | 9230 | 6882 | 78.3 | 81688 | 133404 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | |||||||||
2.3 Sulphur dioxide
Yearly averaged sulphur dioxide concentrations are all well below the limit value of 20 µg/m³. Only for site NL01484, there were 3 measured hours exceeding the threshold of 350 µg/m³ that may not be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year according to the new standard.
| Key statistics for SO2 in 2024 | |||||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | exc_350_h2 | max.roll.24 | max.roll.8 | exc_125_d3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | |||||||||||
NL10133 |
0.3 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 14.9 | 0.2 | 8520 | 97.0 | 0 | 5.6 | 9.2 | 0 |
NL10318 |
0.7 | 0.3 | 4.2 | 38.2 | 0.3 | 8340 | 94.9 | 0 | 7.8 | 13.6 | 0 |
NL10444 |
0.5 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 45.1 | 0.3 | 8513 | 96.9 | 0 | 8.9 | 23.8 | 0 |
NL10644 |
0.5 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 35.3 | 0.3 | 8544 | 97.3 | 0 | 5.2 | 13.0 | 0 |
NL10722 |
0.5 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 49.2 | 0.2 | 8671 | 98.7 | 0 | 12.5 | 31.1 | 0 |
NL10934 |
0.4 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 24.1 | 0.2 | 8604 | 98.0 | 0 | 5.9 | 14.8 | 0 |
| Urban Background | |||||||||||
NL01485 |
1.0 | 0.6 | 5.8 | 39.3 | 0.6 | 8484 | 96.6 | 0 | 9.4 | 15.8 | 0 |
NL49016 |
0.7 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 41.6 | 0.5 | 8660 | 98.6 | 0 | 7.9 | 22.1 | 0 |
| Industrial | |||||||||||
NL01484 |
2.5 | 1.5 | 14.8 | 269.6 | 1.5 | 8604 | 98.0 | 0 | 52.6 | 123.0 | 0 |
NL01496 |
1.2 | 0.9 | 5.4 | 28.9 | 0.9 | 8736 | 99.5 | 0 | 10.1 | 13.1 | 0 |
NL49704 |
1.0 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 54.6 | 0.7 | 8764 | 99.8 | 0 | 10.1 | 26.0 | 0 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | |||||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the yearly limit value of 20 µg/m³ (2024/2881/EC) | |||||||||||
| 2 Number of hours where concentrations exceed 350 µg/m³ - Color indicates exceedance of > 3 times (orange) or > 24 times (red) per calendar year |
|||||||||||
| 3 Number of days where concentrations exceed 125 µg/m³ - Red color indicates exceedance of > 3 times per calendar year |
|||||||||||
| Annual SO2 means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 0.5 | 6 |
| Urban Background | 0.9 | 2 |
| Industrial | 1.6 | 3 |
2.4 Ozone
For ozone, there is no limit value based on the annual mean, instead the number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ is assessed. For the long-term objective, this may not be exceeded on any day. The target value for the protection of human health takes into account data that is averaged over three years. Until 1 January 2030, 120 µg/m³ may not be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over three years and thereafter, it’s set to a maximum of 18 days. See Table 13 for the number of exceedance days in 2022, 2023 and 2024 and their 3-year averages.
In addition, the number of days on which at least one exceedance of the information or alert threshold value is observed, is shown in the columns exc_info and exc_alert in the table below. The information threshold for ozone is 180 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations and the alert threshold for ozone is 240 µg/m³ for one-hour ozone concentrations.
The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in (µg/m³) × hours, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day (EU Directive 2024/2881). The target value for AOT40 is 18000 µg/m³ x h averaged over 5 years. Note that the aot40 values in the table are only for the year 2024 and based on measurements from May up to and including July.
Another widely used ozone indicator for health impact assessment recommended by WHO called somo35 is given in the table. This represents the sum of all daily maximum 8 hour moving averages over 35 ppb - equivalent to 70 µg/m³.
| Key statistics for O3 in 2024 | ||||||||||||||
| mean | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | max.roll.24 | max.roll.8 | exc_1201 | exc_info2 | exc_alert3 | aot404 | somo355 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||||||||||||
NL10107 |
49.3 | 49.2 | 107.1 | 172.8 | 49.2 | 8676 | 98.8 | 102.6 | 151.6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 8655.6 | 3025.0 |
NL10131 |
49.1 | 49.1 | 108.7 | 167.0 | 49.1 | 8575 | 97.6 | 96.9 | 148.6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 9017.9 | 3016.6 |
NL10230 |
50.8 | 50.7 | 109.5 | 161.6 | 50.7 | 8623 | 98.2 | 104.5 | 145.3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9338.3 | 3127.5 |
NL10235 |
45.4 | 45.7 | 96.8 | 168.1 | 45.7 | 8594 | 97.8 | 94.5 | 141.2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 5435.0 | 2104.3 |
NL10301 |
57.3 | 58.8 | 101.1 | 177.6 | 58.8 | 8575 | 97.6 | 104.2 | 150.2 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 7104.8 | 3433.4 |
NL10318 |
53.5 | 54.1 | 101.7 | 170.7 | 54.2 | 8614 | 98.1 | 103.0 | 156.6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 7492.1 | 3022.9 |
NL10437 |
50.5 | 50.9 | 99.5 | 161.5 | 50.9 | 8348 | 95.0 | 91.8 | 139.6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 6039.4 | 2461.5 |
NL10444 |
58.0 | 60.1 | 106.8 | 161.6 | 60.1 | 8613 | 98.1 | 106.0 | 139.6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 8779.6 | 3977.6 |
NL10538 |
60.4 | 61.3 | 102.2 | 151.8 | 61.3 | 8607 | 98.0 | 104.0 | 138.0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7864.1 | 3598.6 |
NL10617 |
55.4 | 54.8 | 104.8 | 153.9 | 54.8 | 8503 | 96.8 | 100.8 | 141.8 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 9071.5 | 3527.6 |
NL10633 |
51.1 | 50.7 | 103.0 | 158.7 | 50.7 | 8602 | 97.9 | 97.7 | 137.9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 7254.5 | 2718.6 |
NL10644 |
49.4 | 49.2 | 103.2 | 162.8 | 49.2 | 8565 | 97.5 | 96.2 | 138.6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 6757.3 | 2614.6 |
NL10722 |
46.4 | 44.6 | 110.7 | 169.3 | 44.6 | 8644 | 98.4 | 99.8 | 148.7 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 8466.4 | 2705.8 |
NL10738 |
53.1 | 52.9 | 115.2 | 162.8 | 52.9 | 8594 | 97.8 | 104.0 | 150.8 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 11129.2 | 3767.9 |
NL10807 |
51.4 | 50.9 | 109.4 | 161.0 | 50.9 | 8425 | 95.9 | 112.0 | 141.9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 9552.1 | 3069.7 |
NL10818 |
54.5 | 54.0 | 106.3 | 151.8 | 54.0 | 8659 | 98.6 | 113.9 | 146.0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8373.3 | 3192.6 |
NL10918 |
57.1 | 57.7 | 101.4 | 155.3 | 57.7 | 8540 | 97.2 | 107.7 | 141.1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 7639.8 | 2876.2 |
NL10929 |
53.3 | 53.3 | 107.8 | 174.4 | 53.3 | 8665 | 98.6 | 99.1 | 147.7 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9068.7 | 3312.8 |
NL10934 |
57.1 | 57.9 | 98.5 | 151.4 | 57.9 | 8624 | 98.2 | 105.7 | 132.4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5987.2 | 2849.2 |
| Suburban Background | ||||||||||||||
NL10133 |
48.4 | 50.0 | 105.0 | 173.7 | 50.0 | 8620 | 98.1 | 102.5 | 149.0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 7818.2 | 2668.4 |
NL10247 |
51.9 | 51.7 | 112.2 | 182.8 | 51.7 | 8395 | 95.6 | 109.2 | 151.3 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 8926.7 | 3378.7 |
NL10938 |
57.3 | 57.7 | 106.7 | 169.9 | 57.7 | 8668 | 98.7 | 112.6 | 150.4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 8473.0 | 3562.7 |
| Urban Background | ||||||||||||||
NL01485 |
46.6 | 47.4 | 93.3 | 140.1 | 47.4 | 8571 | 97.6 | 85.9 | 122.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3208.4 | 1819.9 |
NL01494 |
44.8 | 45.6 | 96.9 | 154.9 | 45.6 | 8745 | 99.6 | 95.3 | 132.7 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4265.6 | 1929.0 |
NL01495 |
45.1 | 45.3 | 96.8 | 146.4 | 45.3 | 8731 | 99.4 | 95.9 | 129.7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4495.9 | 1873.9 |
NL10138 |
49.5 | 51.1 | 103.4 | 168.4 | 51.1 | 8674 | 98.7 | 98.9 | 144.0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 7264.6 | 2616.0 |
NL10241 |
51.9 | 52.0 | 111.2 | 163.3 | 52.0 | 8674 | 98.7 | 108.4 | 151.3 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 9554.9 | 3533.6 |
NL10404 |
55.9 | 58.0 | 105.5 | 170.7 | 58.0 | 8669 | 98.7 | 106.9 | 148.8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 7751.7 | 3709.7 |
NL10418 |
51.0 | 51.9 | 103.5 | 153.6 | 51.9 | 8467 | 96.4 | 101.7 | 136.4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6181.4 | 2832.4 |
NL10442 |
50.9 | 50.8 | 107.3 | 169.4 | 50.8 | 8537 | 97.2 | 106.1 | 145.3 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 8498.7 | 3173.6 |
NL10446 |
52.5 | 54.6 | 106.3 | 161.6 | 54.6 | 8674 | 98.7 | 108.5 | 139.7 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 7873.5 | 3426.7 |
NL10643 |
53.5 | 53.2 | 109.3 | 190.0 | 53.2 | 8597 | 97.9 | 104.1 | 153.8 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9539.7 | 3643.8 |
NL10742 |
48.8 | 48.0 | 106.5 | 179.7 | 48.0 | 8552 | 97.4 | 102.5 | 140.7 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 7963.4 | 2762.7 |
NL49003 |
51.0 | 51.8 | 93.1 | 122.8 | 51.8 | 8768 | 99.8 | 91.0 | 115.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3556.7 | 1889.6 |
NL49014 |
53.1 | 53.1 | 109.4 | 171.9 | 53.1 | 8648 | 98.5 | 116.4 | 150.4 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9287.5 | 3375.1 |
| Roadside | ||||||||||||||
NL01493 |
42.3 | 42.9 | 93.2 | 152.3 | 42.9 | 8735 | 99.4 | 92.2 | 132.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2884.5 | 1434.8 |
NL10236 |
51.0 | 51.0 | 109.6 | 166.9 | 51.0 | 8521 | 97.0 | 113.4 | 152.0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 8360.6 | 2973.3 |
NL10449 |
44.1 | 44.7 | 99.4 | 161.0 | 44.7 | 8622 | 98.2 | 142.3 | 132.0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 5474.4 | 2157.8 |
NL10450 |
46.8 | 47.8 | 95.8 | 152.5 | 47.8 | 8608 | 98.0 | 102.4 | 133.6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4070.5 | 1960.7 |
NL10550 |
52.3 | 54.2 | 97.2 | 152.8 | 54.2 | 8603 | 97.9 | 97.3 | 128.4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5095.4 | 2459.7 |
NL10636 |
52.4 | 52.8 | 95.8 | 132.8 | 52.8 | 3170 | 36.1 | 95.7 | 120.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1731.5 | 2222.2 |
NL10639 |
46.6 | 46.4 | 98.3 | 162.4 | 46.4 | 8652 | 98.5 | 95.4 | 131.9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 5412.9 | 2085.3 |
NL10641 |
47.0 | 46.8 | 99.2 | 159.1 | 46.8 | 8651 | 98.5 | 94.3 | 131.2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5442.4 | 1944.9 |
NL49012 |
54.0 | 55.1 | 99.8 | 164.7 | 55.1 | 7511 | 85.5 | 99.6 | 126.0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5643.8 | 2905.6 |
| Industrial | ||||||||||||||
NL01496 |
49.2 | 50.3 | 97.4 | 142.3 | 50.3 | 8745 | 99.6 | 99.0 | 123.8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4326.7 | 2149.1 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | ||||||||||||||
| 1 Number of days where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ - Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year |
||||||||||||||
| 2 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for information of the public is observed (one-hour ozone concentration > 180 µg/m³ (information threshold)) |
||||||||||||||
| 3 Number of days on which at least one exceedance of the threshold value for alerting the public is observed (one-hour ozone concentration > 240 µg/m³ (alert threshold)) |
||||||||||||||
| 4 Accumulated amount of Ozone over the Threshold value of 40 ppb (May - July), related to vegetation [µg/m³ h] - Blue color indicates exceedance of 18000 [µg/m³ h] |
||||||||||||||
| 5 Sum of max. 8 hour moving averages > 35 ppb or 70 [µg/m³ d] (WHO) | ||||||||||||||
| Annual O3 means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 52.8 | 19 |
| Suburban Background | 52.5 | 3 |
| Urban Background | 50.3 | 13 |
| Roadside | 47.2 | 7 |
| Industrial | 49.2 | 1 |
None of the sites surpass the current target value of 25 or the future threshold of 18 times exceedance days per calendar year, averaged over 3 years (see the table below).
| Number of exceedance days for O3 | ||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | average_3y1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||
NL10107 |
19 | 15 | 10 | 15 |
NL10131 |
14 | 17 | 10 | 14 |
NL10230 |
18 | 18 | 9 | 15 |
NL10301 |
13 | 16 | 10 | 13 |
NL10318 |
13 | 16 | 10 | 13 |
NL10437 |
14 | 14 | 5 | 11 |
NL10444 |
15 | 18 | 10 | 14 |
NL10538 |
12 | 11 | 3 | 9 |
NL10617 |
7 | 15 | 6 | 9 |
NL10633 |
12 | 12 | 5 | 10 |
NL10644 |
13 | 16 | 5 | 11 |
NL10722 |
17 | 17 | 9 | 14 |
NL10738 |
19 | 19 | 16 | 18 |
NL10807 |
8 | 16 | 8 | 11 |
NL10818 |
10 | 13 | 8 | 10 |
NL10918 |
8 | 10 | 2 | 7 |
NL10929 |
12 | 11 | 4 | 9 |
NL10235 |
- | 15 | 6 | 10 |
NL10934 |
- | 10 | 2 | 6 |
| Suburban Background | ||||
NL10133 |
14 | 15 | 10 | 13 |
NL10247 |
12 | 21 | 16 | 16 |
NL10938 |
5 | 11 | 5 | 7 |
| Urban Background | ||||
NL01485 |
7 | 13 | 1 | 7 |
NL01494 |
8 | 13 | 6 | 9 |
NL01495 |
10 | 10 | 2 | 7 |
NL10138 |
19 | 21 | 8 | 16 |
NL10404 |
13 | 16 | 8 | 12 |
NL10418 |
12 | 15 | 6 | 11 |
NL10442 |
17 | 16 | 12 | 15 |
NL10446 |
14 | 18 | 11 | 14 |
NL10643 |
15 | 17 | 10 | 14 |
NL10742 |
14 | 22 | 8 | 15 |
NL49003 |
12 | 16 | 0 | 9 |
NL49014 |
12 | 19 | 9 | 13 |
NL10241 |
- | 18 | 14 | 16 |
| Roadside | ||||
NL10236 |
12 | 13 | 12 | 12 |
NL10449 |
8 | 15 | 8 | 10 |
NL10550 |
11 | 9 | 3 | 8 |
NL10636 |
11 | 14 | - | 12 |
NL10639 |
10 | 16 | 4 | 10 |
NL10641 |
11 | 12 | 5 | 9 |
NL49012 |
5 | 10 | 3 | 6 |
NL01493 |
- | 4 | 1 | 2 |
NL10450 |
- | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Industrial | ||||
NL01496 |
10 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| * A hyphen is used in case of insufficient valid data to provide an annual mean | ||||
| 1 Number of days averaged over 3 years where the maximum daily rolling 8-h mean of ozone concentrations exceed 120 µg/m³ - Orange color indicates exceedance of > 18 times per calendar year and red of > 25 times per calendar year |
||||
2.5 Carbon monoxide
Maximum daily 8-hour means of carbon monoxide concentrations measured on three sites in Amsterdam did not surpass the limit value of 10000 µg/m³ on any day in 2024.
| Key statistics for CO in 2024 | ||||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | max.roll.24 | max.roll.8 | exc_100002 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban Background | ||||||||||
NL49014 |
277.1 | 284.3 | 470.5 | 1233.7 | 284.3 | 8595 | 97.8 | 504.9 | 579.0 | 0 |
| Roadside | ||||||||||
NL49007 |
316.5 | 291.3 | 653.9 | 1117.6 | 291.4 | 8748 | 99.6 | 746.3 | 921.3 | 0 |
NL49012 |
388.9 | 371.5 | 665.4 | 1062.2 | 371.5 | 8550 | 97.3 | 722.8 | 857.9 | 0 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | ||||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC) and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC) |
||||||||||
| 2 Number of days where the maximum daily 8 hour mean concentrations exceed 10000 µg/m³ - Red color indicates an exceedance of at least 1 time per calendar year |
||||||||||
| Annual CO means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Urban Background | 277.1 | 1 |
| Roadside | 352.7 | 2 |
2.6 Black carbon
There currently is no limit value for black carbon as the evidence base is not yet sufficient enough to provide a basis for legally binding limit values (WHO, 2021).
| Key statistics for BC in 2024 | |||||||||
| mean | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | max.roll.24 | max.roll.8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | |||||||||
NL10131 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 12.7 | 0.4 | 8697 | 99.0 | 2.3 | 2.9 |
NL10444 |
0.4 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 8640 | 98.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
NL10633 |
0.4 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 11.8 | 0.3 | 8610 | 98.0 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
NL10644 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 9.3 | 0.4 | 8613 | 98.1 | 2.0 | 2.8 |
NL10807 |
0.4 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 3724 | 42.4 | 1.4 | 1.9 |
NL10929 |
0.4 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 7.9 | 0.3 | 6563 | 74.7 | 1.9 | 2.4 |
| Urban Background | |||||||||
NL10138 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 8.8 | 0.4 | 8772 | 99.9 | 4.5 | 7.1 |
NL10247 |
0.6 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 8682 | 98.8 | 3.4 | 4.2 |
NL10742 |
0.6 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 13.2 | 0.4 | 8722 | 99.3 | 2.8 | 7.2 |
NL10821 |
0.5 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 8742 | 99.5 | 5.7 | 3.5 |
NL10938 |
0.4 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 8775 | 99.9 | 2.4 | 3.5 |
NL49003 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 5.7 | 0.4 | 8775 | 99.9 | 1.9 | 3.3 |
NL49014 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 8588 | 97.8 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
NL49701 |
0.6 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 7.8 | 0.4 | 8776 | 99.9 | 2.7 | 3.2 |
| Roadside | |||||||||
NL01493 |
1.1 | 0.9 | 3.5 | 11.1 | 0.9 | 8659 | 98.6 | 3.2 | 4.5 |
NL10237 |
0.9 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 7.9 | 0.7 | 8647 | 98.4 | 2.9 | 4.4 |
NL10641 |
0.6 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 8595 | 97.8 | 1.9 | 2.3 |
NL10741 |
0.8 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 10.9 | 0.7 | 8761 | 99.7 | 2.6 | 3.8 |
NL49007 |
0.8 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 9.3 | 0.7 | 8752 | 99.6 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
NL49012 |
0.7 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 6.1 | 0.6 | 8716 | 99.2 | 2.4 | 2.9 |
NL49017 |
0.7 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 8696 | 99.0 | 2.2 | 3.0 |
NL49020 |
0.8 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 10.2 | 0.6 | 8764 | 99.8 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | |||||||||
| Annual BC means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 0.5 | 4 |
| Urban Background | 0.5 | 8 |
| Roadside | 0.8 | 8 |
2.7 Volatile organic compounds
All of the measured annual benzene concentrations were in compliance with the European limit values and also below the WHO AQG of 1.7 µg/m³. For toluene there is no legally binding limit value. Other VOCs are also measured by the LML, but are excluded from this report.
| Key statistics for benzene in 2024 | |||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | |||||||
NL49703 |
0.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 354 | 96.7 |
| Urban Background | |||||||
NL01485 |
0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 207 | 56.6 |
NL01494 |
0.7 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 174 | 47.5 |
NL01495 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 9.4 | 0.4 | 365 | 99.7 |
NL10643 |
0.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 310 | 84.7 |
| Roadside | |||||||
NL49017 |
0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 330 | 90.2 |
| Industrial | |||||||
NL01484 |
0.6 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 362 | 98.9 |
NL01496 |
0.4 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 359 | 98.1 |
NL49557 |
0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 327 | 89.3 |
NL49704 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 351 | 95.9 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | |||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the future EU limit value from 01-01-2030 (2024/2881/EC) and red of the current EU limit value (2008/50/EC) |
|||||||
| Annual benzene means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 0.3 | 1 |
| Urban Background | 0.5 | 1 |
| Roadside | 0.3 | 1 |
| Industrial | 0.5 | 3 |
| Key statistics for toluene in 2024 | |||||||
| mean | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | |||||||
NL49703 |
0.6 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 8.1 | 0.3 | 354 | 96.7 |
| Urban Background | |||||||
NL01485 |
0.7 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 207 | 56.6 |
NL01494 |
2.0 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 1.8 | 174 | 47.5 |
NL01495 |
0.8 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 7.1 | 0.7 | 366 | 100.0 |
NL10643 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 310 | 84.7 |
| Roadside | |||||||
NL49017 |
1.0 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 330 | 90.2 |
| Industrial | |||||||
NL01484 |
0.8 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 15.7 | 0.6 | 362 | 98.9 |
NL01496 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 360 | 98.4 |
NL49557 |
0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 327 | 89.3 |
NL49704 |
1.5 | 1.0 | 6.8 | 11.6 | 1.0 | 351 | 95.9 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 85% | |||||||
| Annual toluene means per station type in 2024 | ||
| type | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | 0.6 | 1 |
| Urban Background | 0.8 | 1 |
| Roadside | 1.0 | 1 |
| Industrial | 1.0 | 3 |
2.8 Heavy metals
The measurements of lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel as shown in the tables below are based on PM2.5 and PM10 filter sampling. All of the annual mean concentrations comply with the EU and WHO limit values.
| Key statistics for Pb in 2024 | ||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | filter_type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||||||
NL10627 |
2.3 | 1.8 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 1.8 | 175 | 47.8 | PM10 |
NL10644 |
3.4 | 2.3 | 8.0 | 53.6 | 2.3 | 84 | 23.0 | PM2.5 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45% | ||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value | ||||||||
| Key statistics for As in 2024 | ||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | filter_type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||||||
NL10627 |
0.3 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 176 | 48.1 | PM10 |
NL10644 |
0.4 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 84 | 23.0 | PM2.5 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45% | ||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value | ||||||||
| Key statistics for Cd in 2024 | ||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | filter_type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||||||
NL10627 |
0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 175 | 47.8 | PM10 |
NL10644 |
0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 84 | 23.0 | PM2.5 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45% | ||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value | ||||||||
| Key statistics for Ni in 2024 | ||||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | filter_type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | ||||||||
NL10627 |
0.6 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 170 | 46.4 | PM10 |
NL10644 |
0.5 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 78 | 21.3 | PM2.5 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 45% | ||||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value | ||||||||
The annual means in the table below are based on solely PM10 filter sampling to conform with EU standards.
| Annual heavy metals means per station type in 2024 | ||
| component | mean | n |
|---|---|---|
| As | 0.3 | 1 |
| Cd | 0.1 | 1 |
| Ni | 0.6 | 1 |
| Pb | 2.3 | 1 |
2.9 Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations based on PM10 filter sampling for 2024 are given in the following table. The annual means were in compliance with the EU and WHO limit values.
| Key statistics for benzo(a)pyrene in 2024 | |||||||
| mean1 | P50 | P98 | max | median | n | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Background | |||||||
NL10444 |
0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 171 | 46.7 |
| Urban Background | |||||||
NL10418 |
0.04 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 173 | 47.3 |
| Rows where the text is greyed out indicates a data capture < 30% | |||||||
| 1 Orange color indicates exceedance of the annual EU limit value | |||||||
3 Discussion
For all annual LML data from 1976 up to the present year, please consult the RIVM Data catalog. The monitoring data over several years including long-term trend charts can be assessed in the section on air quality on the Environmental Data Compendium website (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving). This website also provides information about the health impact of certain pollutants. The burden of disease due to air pollution can be significant, even if concentrations comply with the European limit values. Substantial improvements in public health can be achieved with further reduction of concentrations below the limit values.
4 References
RIVM public data catalog for air quality measurements. Accessed via: https://data.rivm.nl/data/luchtmeetnet/. Export id of file used in this report for 2024:
EXP-2025-003 (2025-11-20T15:04:53+01:00)Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal of the European Union. Accessed via: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050
Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Official Journal of the European Union. Accessed via: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32004L0107
Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast). Official Journal of the European Union. Accessed via: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202402881
World Health Organization (2021) WHO global air quality guidelines. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Geneva. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Accessed via: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/345329/9789240034228-eng.pdf
Environmental Data Compendium (CLO) website. Accessed via: https://www.clo.nl/onderwerpen/luchtkwaliteit
Appendix A - Overview of accreditation information and limit values
The following table lists the accreditation certificate numbers for the LML for the measurements reported here and the limit values in µg/m³ for each pollutant from the three relevant guidelines. Measurements are carried out under EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by RIVM (L224) in collaboration with its regional partners DCMR (L520) and GGD Amsterdam (L426) who are accredited according to the same ISO standard. Analysis of heavy metals is outsourced to an external analytical laboratory that is accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 under L086.
| component | accreditation_numbera | averaging_period | EU_limit_value | EU_limit_value_revised | WHO_AQG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO2 | L520, L224, L426 | year | 40 | 20 | 10 |
| PM10 | L520, L224, L426 | year | 40 | 20 | 15 |
| PM10 | L520, L224, L426 | day | 50 max 35×b | 45 max 18×b | 45 max 3-4×b |
| PM2.5 | L520, L224, L426 | year | 25 | 10 | 5 |
| PM2.5 | L520, L224, L426 | day | 25 max 18×b | ||
| O3 | L520, L224, L426 | max_8_h | 120 max 25×b | 120 max 18×b,c | 100 max 3-4×b |
| O3 | L520, L224, L426 | peak_season | 60 | ||
| SO2 | L520, L224, L426 | day | 125 max 3× | 50 max 18× | 40 |
| SO2 | L520, L224, L426 | year | 20b | ||
| CO | L426 | max_8_h | 10000 | 10000 | 10000 |
| CO | L426 | day | 4000 max 18×b | 4000 max 3-4×b | |
| benzene | L520, L426 | year | 5 | 3.4 | 1.7 |
| Pb | sampling L224/analysis L086 | year | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| As | sampling L224/analysis L086 | year | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.066 |
| Cd | sampling L224/analysis L086 | year | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Ni | sampling L224/analysis L086 | year | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.025 |
| benzo(a)pyrene | sampling L224/analysis N/A | year | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.12 |
| a L224 is RIVM, L520 is DCMR, L426 is GGD Amsterdam, L086 is Eurofins Omegan B.V. analytical laboratory | |||||
| b max n× means a maximum number of n exceedance days per calendar year - For WHO this is also denoted as the 99th percentile, which is equivalent to 3-4 exceedance days per year |
|||||
| c Averaged over 3 years | |||||
EU Directive 2024/2881 (EU_limit_value_revised), and WHO global air quality guidelines from 2021 (WHO_AQG)